Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants
Variables | Overall (n = 39,251) | Non-KSD (n = 35,560) | KSD (n = 3691) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 47.33 ± 0.21 | 46.69 ± 0.21 | 53.20 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 |
Sex, % | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 19,125 (48.7%) | 17,082 (43.5%) | 2043 (5.2%) | |
Female | 20,126 (51.3%) | 18,478 (47.1%) | 1648 (4.2%) | |
Race/ethnicity, % | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 5654 (14.4%) | 5197 (13.2%) | 457 (1.2%) | |
Other Hispanic | 4114 (10.5%) | 3682 (9.4%) | 432 (1.1%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 8815 (22.5%) | 8299 (21.1%) | 516 (1.3%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 15,455 (39.4%) | 13,529 (34.5%) | 1926 (4.9%) | |
Other race | 5213 (13.3%) | 4853 (12.4%) | 360 (0.9%) | |
Family PIR | 3.00 ± 0.03 | 2.99 ± 0.03 | 3.04 ± 0.05 | 0.319 |
Education level, % | 0.946 | |||
Less than high school | 9091 (23.2%) | 8208 (20.9%) | 883 (2.2%) | |
High school | 6432 (16.4%) | 5850 (16.5%) | 582 (1.5%) | |
More than high school | 23,728 (60.5%) | 21,502 (54.8%) | 2226 (5.7%) | |
Marital status, % | < 0.001 | |||
Having a partner | 23,297 (59.4%) | 20,963 (53.4%) | 2334 (5.9%) | |
No partner | 8596 (21.9%) | 7635 (19.5%) | 961 (2.4%) | |
Unmarried | 7358 (18.7%) | 6962 (17.7%) | 396 (1.0%) | |
Hypertension, % | < 0.001 | |||
No | 23,020 (58.6%) | 21,359 (54.4%) | 1661 (4.2%) | |
Yes | 16,231 (41.4%) | 14,201 (36.2%) | 2030 (5.2%) | |
DM, % | < 0.001 | |||
No | 31,731 (80.8%) | 29,140 (74.2%) | 2591 (6.6%) | |
Yes | 7520 (19.2%) | 6420 (16.4%) | 1100 (2.8%) | |
Smoker, % | < 0.001 | |||
No | 22,135 (56.4%) | 20,282 (51.7%) | 1853 (4.7%) | |
Former | 9244 (23.6%) | 8135 (20.7%) | 1109 (2.8%) | |
Now | 7872 (20.1%) | 7143 (18.2%) | 729 (1.9%) | |
Alcohol user, % | < 0.001 | |||
No | 5539 (14.1%) | 5051 (12.9%) | 488 (13.2%) | |
Former | 4809 (12.3%) | 4223 (10.8%) | 586 (1.5%) | |
Mild | 14,304 (36.4%) | 12,830 (32.7%) | 1474 (3.8%) | |
Moderate | 6526 (16.6%) | 5986 (15.3%) | 540 (1.4%) | |
Heavy | 8073 (20.6%) | 7470 (19.0%) | 603 (1.5%) | |
Work activity, % | 0.003 | |||
No | 22,530 (57.4%) | 20,454 (52.1%) | 2076 (5.3%) | |
Moderate | 8487 (21.6%) | 7722 (19.7%) | 765 (1.9%) | |
Both | 6579 (16.8%) | 5905 (15.0%) | 674 (1.7%) | |
Vigorous | 1665 (4.2%) | 1479 (3.8%) | 176 (0.4%) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.11 ± 0.08 | 28.94 ± 0.08 | 30.63 ± 0.16 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 99.47 ± 0.20 | 98.91 ± 0.20 | 104.62 ± 0.41 | < 0.001 |
Mean energy | 2094.76 ± 6.43 | 2097.29 ± 6.51 | 2071.60 ± 18.65 | 0.173 |
Intake, kcal/day | ||||
Total water | 2252.63 ± 23.50 | 2260.92 ± 23.84 | 2176.68 ± 47.10 | 0.064 |
Drank, gm | ||||
FBG, mg/dL | 106.61 ± 0.21 | 105.91 ± 0.22 | 112.95 ± 0.79 | < 0.0001 |
TC, mg/dL | 192.49 ± 0.45 | 192.58 ± 0.44 | 191.70 ± 1.15 | 0.415 |
TG, mg/dL | 122.94 ± 0.87 | 121.61 ± 0.88 | 135.07 ± 3.23 | < 0.0001 |
HDL, mg/dL | 53.61 ± 0.19 | 53.95 ± 0.20 | 50.49 ± 0.38 | < 0.0001 |
BUN, mg/dL | 13.83 ± 0.06 | 13.70 ± 0.06 | 15.01 ± 0.14 | < 0.0001 |
Scr, mg/dL | 0.88 ± 0.00 | 0.87 ± 0.00 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | < 0.0001 |
UA, mg/dL | 5.40 ± 0.01 | 5.38 ± 0.01 | 5.59 ± 0.03 | < 0.0001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 94.95 ± 0.29 | 95.66 ± 0.30 | 88.36 ± 0.41 | < 0.0001 |
Urine albumin, mg/L | 34.90 ± 1.47 | 32.38 ± 1.34 | 58.00 ± 6.93 | < 0.001 |
Urine creatinine, mg/dL | 122.14 ± 0.80 | 121.66 ± 0.85 | 126.54 ± 1.96 | 0.022 |
uACR, mg/g | 35.17 ± 1.78 | 32.86 ± 1.84 | 56.30 ± 5.59 | < 0.0001 |
ABSI | 0.081 ± 0.01 | 0.081 ± 0.01 | 0.083 ± 0.001 | < 0.001 |
BRI | 5.43 ± 0.03 | 5.36 ± 0.03 | 6.11 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |