Fig. 1

Difference in vaginal bacteriome between HA and SL subjects. A Rarefaction curve analysis of the number of observed species on HA and SL group. The number of species in two groups is calculated based on a randomly selected specific number of samples with 30 replacements, and the whisker line shows the median and quartile. B, C Boxplot shows the Shannon diversity index (b) and the Simpson index (c) of vaginal bacteriome between HA and SL groups. The significance level in the Wilcoxon rank-sum test is denoted as: *p < 0.05. D PCoA analysis of Bray–Curtis distance based on the vaginal bacteriome. Locations of samples in the first two principal coordinates are shown, and the sample points in the same group are linked by lines, and ellipses cover each group of samples near the center of gravity. E Composition of vaginal bacteriome at the species level. F Boxplot shows the relative abundances of three representative differential vaginal species in the HA and SL individuals. G, H Boxplot shows the Simpson index (g) and Shannon diversity index (h) of vaginal functional composition that differs between the two groups. The significance level in the Wilcoxon rank-sum test is denoted as: *p < 0.05. I PCoA analysis of Bray–Curtis distance based on the vaginal functional composition