Table 3 The preliminary reverse UVMR results of significant relationship between COPD and its common comorbidities mainly based on IVW method (P < 0.05)

Ischemic heart disease (IHD)

COPD

IVW

49

-0.143

0.041

 < 0.001

0.866

0.800–0.939

MR-Egger

49

-0.232

0.098

0.023

0.793

0.654–0.962

Weighted median

49

-0.186

0.047

 < 0.001

0.830

0.757–0.911

MR-PRESSO

49

-0.143

0.041

0.001

0.866

0.800–0.939

Heart failure

IVW

4

0.241

0.082

0.003

1.272

1.084–1.493

MR-Egger

4

0.190

0.332

0.625

1.210

0.631–2.320

Weighted median

4

0.264

0.107

0.014

1.302

1.055–1.607

MR-PRESSO

4

0.241

0.079

0.056

1.272

1.089–1.487

Hypertension

IVW

181

0.064

0.025

0.010

1.067

1.016–1.120

MR-Egger

181

-0.058

0.075

0.438

0.944

0.816–1.092

Weighted median

181

0.078

0.031

0.011

1.082

1.018–1.149

MR-PRESSO

181

0.064

0.025

0.011

1.067

1.016–1.120

Obesity

IVW

29

0.120

0.034

 < 0.001

1.128

1.056–1.205

MR-Egger

29

-0.013

0.089

0.882

0.987

0.828–1.176

Weighted median

29

0.061

0.042

0.148

1.063

0.979–1.154

MR-PRESSO

29

0.120

0.034

0.001

1.128

1.056–1.205

Depression

IVW

14

0.400

0.087

 < 0.001

1.491

1.257–1.769

MR-Egger

14

0.317

0.519

0.552

1.373

0.497–3.795

Weighted median

14

0.420

0.098

 < 0.001

1.523

1.257–1.844

MR-PRESSO

14

0.400

0.087

0.001

1.491

1.257–1.769

Anemias

IVW

7

0.205

0.074

0.006

1.227

1.061–1.420

MR-Egger

7

0.118

0.146

0.455

1.125

0.846–1.497

Weighted median

7

0.272

0.067

 < 0.001

1.313

1.152–1.496

MR-PRESSO

7

0.205

0.074

0.033

1.227

1.061–1.420

Sleep apnea syndrome

IVW

19

0.190

0.054

 < 0.001

1.209

1.087–1.345

MR-Egger

19

0.183

0.208

0.391

1.201

0.798–1.808

Weighted median

19

0.150

0.076

0.048

1.162

1.001–1.348

MR-PRESSO

19

0.190

0.054

0.003

1.209

1.087–1.345