Dynamic changes in the gut microbiota during three consecutive trimesters of pregnancy and their correlation with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism

Gao, Yiyang; Zhang, Jinjia; Chen, Haiying; Jin, Xiaohui; Lin, Zhenyu; Fan, Chenling; Shan, Zhongyan; Teng, Weiping; Li, Jing

doi:10.1186/s40001-024-01702-0

Table 1 Characteristics of the pregnant women included in this study stratified by FBG level in the three trimesters

From: Dynamic changes in the gut microbiota during three consecutive trimesters of pregnancy and their correlation with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism

	Total subjects (n = 30)	WNG (n = 15)	ENG (n = 8)	P1^d	P2^e	LNG(n = 5)	P1^d	P2^e	WHG (n = 4)	P1^d
Age, years^a	30 (28 ~ 30.25)	30 (28 ~ 31)	28.5 (28 ~ 29.75)	0.19	0.03	28 (25 ~ 28)	0.01	0.02	30.5 (30 ~ 32.5)	0.36
College and above education^b	29 (96.67)	15 (100)	8 (100)	1.00	0.14	5 (100)	1.00	0.24	3 (75.00)	0.047
Han nationality^b	28 (93.30)	14 (93.33)	8 (100)	0.64	0.14	5 (100)	0.55	0.24	3 (75.00)	0.29
BMI before pregnancy, kg/m^2c	21.29 ± 1.93	21.56 ± 1.58	20.73 ± 1.49	0.88	0.13	20.40 ± 1.67	0.18	0.17	22.90 ± 3.14	0.24
History of tea drinking^b	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.00	1.00	0 (0)	1.00	1.00	0 (0)	1.00
History of coffee drinking^b	2 (6.67)	1 (6.67)	1(12.5)	0.64	0.46	0 (0)	0.55	1.00	0 (0)	0.60
Family history of GD ^b	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.00	1.00	0 (0)	1.00	1.00	0 (0)	1.00
Family history of diabetes^b	1 (3.33)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.00	1.00	1 (20.00)	0.08	0.34	0 (0)	1.00
Gestational age when the serum samples collected^a
T1	10 (8–12)	9 (7–12)	10 (9–12)	0.47	1.00	12 (7.5–12.5)	0.56	0.80	10.5 (7.75–12.5)	0.69
T2	18 (17–20)	18 (18–21)	18 (17–20.25)	0.44	0.43	19 (17–20)	0.59	0.80	19 (17.5–22)	0.72
T3	30 (28.25–32)	31 (28–33)	29 (28.25–31.5)	0.26	0.93	32 (28.5–33)	0.72	0.32	29.5 (28.25–30)	0.13
FBG, mmol/L^c
T1	4.87 ± 0.49	4.59 ± 0.34	4.82 ± 0.18	0.10	< 0.01	5.17 ± 0.50	< 0.01	0.25	5.58 ± 0.46	< 0.01
T2	5.01 ± 0.60	4.61 ± 0.28	5.63 ± 0.73	< 0.01	0.31	5.34 ± 0.56	< 0.01	0.71	5.23 ± 0.15	< 0.01
T3	4.91 ± 0.59	4.55 ± 0.30	5.42 ± 0.74	< 0.01	0.80	4.71 ± 0.23	0.28	< 0.01	5.33 ± 0.13	< 0.01
P	T1 vs. T2:0.27	T1 vs. T2: 0.87	T1 *vs.* T2: 0.03			T1 vs. T2: 0.71			T1 vs. T2: 0.26
	T1 vs. T3:0.73	T1 vs. T3: 0.60	T1 vs. T3: 0.07			T1 *vs.* T3: 0.049			T1 vs. T3: 0.43
	T2 vs. T3:0.21	T2 vs. T3: 0.21	T2 vs. T3: 0.48			T2 vs. T3: 0.12			T2 vs. T3: 0.32
B/F^a
T1	0.99 (0.56 ~ 1.37)	1.03 (0.64 ~ 1.52)	1.16 (0.57 ~ 1.43)	0.68	0.93	0.51 (0.40 ~ 1.70)	0.35	0.73	0.82 (0.55 ~ 1.31)	0.60
T2	1.02 (0.83 ~ 1.46)	1.30 (0.84 ~ 1.48)	0.93 (0.76 ~ 1.12)	0.17	0.11	1.02 (0.82 ~ 1.48)	1.00	0.91	1.21 (0.99 ~ 1.87)	0.74
T3	1.20 (0.90 ~ 1.71)	1.20 (0.84 ~ 1.51)	1.19 (0.81 ~ 2.18)	0.98	0.68	0.90 (0.62 ~ 2.10)	0.55	0.41	1.45 (1.06 ~ 1.81)	0.53
P	0.09	0.34	1.00			0.17			0.37
Dominant GM, Bacteroidetes ^b
T1	15 (50.00)	8 (53.33)	5 (62.50)	0.67	0.22	2 (40.00)	0.61	0.64	1 (25.00)	0.31
T2	17 (56.67)	9 (60.00)	4 (50.00)	0.65	0.41	3 (60.00)	1.00	0.64	3 (75.00)	0.58
T3	20 (66.67)	10 (66.67)	5 (62.50)	0.84	0.41	2 (40.00)	0.29	0.64	4 (100)	0.18
P	0.43	0.76	0.84			0.77			0.07

P < 0.05 are designated in bold
BMI: body mass index, GD: gestational diabetes, FBG: fasting blood glucose, T1: the first trimester, T2: the second trimester, T3: the third trimester, GM: gut microbiota, B/F: the abundance ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, WNG: normal FBG during the whole pregnancy, ENG: normal FBG in the early stage (T1) of pregnancy, LNG: normal FBG in the late stage (T3) of pregnancy, WHG: high FBG during the whole pregnancy
^anon-normal distributed continuous variables were expressed as median with interquartile ranges (Q1 ~ Q3), the difference between two groups was analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test, and paired Friedman nonparametric test was performed for self-comparisons among the three stages
^bCategorical variables were expressed using the number of cases and composition ratio [n (%)], and the differences between groups were analyzed using the Chi-square test
^cNormal distributed continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation and the difference between two groups was analyzed using the independent sample t test, and the changes among multiple groups were analyzed using paired t test for pairwise comparisons
^dP1 is the P value of each group compared to the WNG group
^eP2 is the P value of each group compared to the WHG group

Back to article page

ISSN: 2047-783X

Contact us

Submission enquiries: jacinth.kennady@springernature.com
General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com

European Journal of Medical Research

Contact us