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Table 2 Characteristics of the pregnant women included in this study stratified by serum lipid levels in the three trimesters

From: Dynamic changes in the gut microbiota during three consecutive trimesters of pregnancy and their correlation with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism

 

Total subjects (n = 30)

DL3 (n = 8)

DL2(n = 16)

DL1 (n = 6)

P

Age, Yearsa

–

28 (25.25 ~ 30.75)

30 (28 ~ 30.75)

30 (29.75 ~ 30.25)

0.30

College and above educationb

–

8 (100)

15 (93.75)

6 (100)

0.64

Han nationality

–

8 (95.65)

15 (93.75)

5 (85.71)

0.46

BMI before pregnancy, kg/m2c

–

21.36 ± 2.08

21.07 ± 1.44

21.07 ± 1.44

0.48

History of tea drinking b

–

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1.00

History of coffee drinking b

–

0 (0)

1 (6.25)

1 (16.67)

0.46

Family history of GD b

–

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1.00

Family history of diabetes b

–

1 (12.50)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.24

Gestational age when the serum samples collected a

 T1

–

9.5 (8.25–11.75)

11 (8–12.75)

8.5 (7–10.5)

0.335

 T2

–

19 (17–19.75)

18 (17.25–18.75)

21 (19.25–23.25)

0.051

 T3

–

29.5 (28.25–32)

30.5 (28.25–32)

31 (29.5–32.25)

0.798

TG, mmol/L c

 T1

1.13 ± 0.42

0.92 ± 0.33 (0.51–1.47) d

1.13 ± 0.38 (0.46–1.66) d

1.39 ± 0.53 (0.83–2.03) d

0.11

 T2

1.79 ± 0.67

1.13 ± 0.21 (0.77–1.06) d

1.89 ± 0.51 (1.12–3.01) d

2.41 ± 0.78 (1.54–3.39) d

 < 0.01 (DL3 vs. DL2: < 0.01; DL3 vs. DL1: < 0.01)

 T3

2.51 ± 0.79

2.25 ± 0.61 (1.66–3.36) d

2.47 ± 0.81 (1.43–4.75) d

2.95 ± 0.88 (2.16–4.30) d

0.26

 P

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: 0.24

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: 0.01

 

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: 0.01

 

T2 vs. T3: < 0.01

T2 vs. T3: < 0.01

T2 vs. T3: 0.02

T2 vs. T3: 0.06

 

TC, mmol/Lc

 T1

4.24 ± 0.70

3.78 ± 0.61 (2.75–4.69) d

4.36 ± 0.53 (2.87–5.08) d

4.54 ± 1.05 (3.09–6.06) d

0.09

 T2

5.08 ± 0.76

4.36 ± 0.49 (3.58–4.95) d

5.31 ± 0.66 (4.02–6.54) d

5.42 ± 0.74 (4.34–6.26) d

 < 0.01 (DL3 vs. DL2: < 0.01, DL3 vs. DL1:0.01)

 T3

5.81 ± 0.83

5.44 ± 0.59 (4.35–6.26) d

6.06 ± 0.89 (4.33–7.56) d

5.65 ± 0.85 (4.62–6.70) d

0.20

 P

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: 0.04

 

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: 0.048

 

T2 vs. T3: < 0.01

T2 vs. T3: < 0.01

T2 vs. T3: < 0.01

T2 vs. T3: 0.14

 

HDL-C, mmol/L c

 T1

1.80 ± 0.40

1.74 ± 0.35 (1.32–2.33) d

1.91 ± 0.41 (1.30–2.75) d

1.60 ± 0.43 (1.15–2.17) d

0.24

 T2

2.03 ± 0.45

2.07 ± 0.47 (1.55–2.84) d

2.07 ± 0.51 (1.48–3.08) d

1.87 ± 0.22 (1.63–2.19) d

0.64

 T3

2.01 ± 0.41

1.99 ± 0.39 (1.54–2.77) d

2.07 ± 0.49 (1.36–2.93) d

1.87 ± 0.18 (1.60–2.05) d

0.60

 P

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: 0.11

T1 vs. T2: 0.19

 

T1 vs. T3:0.01

T1 vs. T3: 0.11

T1 vs. T3: 0.15

T1 vs. T3: 0.24

 

T2 vs. T3:0.67

T2 vs. T3: 0.54

T2 vs. T3: 0.99

T2 vs. T3: 0.97

 

LDL-C, mmol/L c

 

 T1

2.40 ± 0.65

2.00 ± 0.66 (0.73–2.99) d

2.44 ± 0.43 (1.66–3.17) d

2.81 ± 0.89 (1.76–3.90) d

0.05

 T2

2.86 ± 0.66

2.24 ± 0.59 (0.96–3.01) d

3.06 ± 0.58 (1.93–4.38) d

3.13 ± 0.46 (2.67–3.95) d

 < 0.01 (DL3 vs. DL2: < 0.01, DL3 vs. DL1:0.02)

 T3

3.42 ± 0.83

2.99 ± 0.64 (1.75–3.85) d

3.73 ± 0.86 (1.67–5.15) d

3.16 ± 0.70 (2.21–3.92) d

0.08

 P

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: 0.03

T1 vs. T2: < 0.01

T1 vs. T2: 0.33

 

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: < 0.01

T1 vs. T3: 0.49

 

T2 vs. T3: < 0.01

T2 vs. T3: < 0.01

T2 vs. T3: < 0.01

T2 vs. T3: 0.92

 

B/Fa

 T1

–

0.91 (0.36 ~ 1.49)

0.97 (0.69 ~ 1.32)

1.09 (0.56 ~ 1.52)

0.87

 T2

–

1.10 (0.70 ~ 1.52)

1.09 (0.84 ~ 1.44)

0.96 (0.84 ~ 1.63)

0.98

 T3

–

1.16 (0.90 ~ 1.71)

1.16 (1.12 ~ 1.48)

1.24 (1.07 ~ 1.53)

0.97

 P

–

0.22

0.27

0.84

 

Dominant GM, Bacteroidetesb

 T1

–

4 (50.00)

8 (50.00)

3 (50.00)

1.00

 T2

–

4 (50.00)

10 (62.50)

3 (50.00)

0.79

 T3

–

5 (62.50)

10 (62.50)

5 (83.33)

0.63

 P

–

0.84

0.71

0.39

 
  1. P < 0.05 are designated in bold
  2. BMI: body mass index, GD: gestational diabetes, FBG: fasting blood glucose, T1: the first trimester, T2: the second trimester, T3: the third trimester, GM: gut microbiota, TG: triglycerides, TC: total cholesterol, HDL-C, high-density cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density cholesterol, B/F: the abundance ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, DL3: with dyslipidemia only in T3, DL2: with dyslipidemia since T2, DL1: dyslipidemia starting from T1 of pregnancy
  3. aNon-normal distributed continuous variables were expressed as median with interquartile ranges (Q1 ~ Q3), the difference between two groups was analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test, and paired Friedman nonparametric test was performed for self-comparisons among the three stages
  4. bCategorical variables were expressed using the number of cases and composition ratio [n (%)] and the differences between groups were analyzed using the Chi-square test
  5. cNormal distributed continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation and the differences between two groups was analyzed using the independent sample t test, and the differences among multiple groups were analyzed using paired t test for pairwise comparisons
  6. dThe ranges of serum lipid levels including TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, were expressed by minimum to maximum values
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European Journal of Medical Research

ISSN: 2047-783X

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