Table 3 Apply of CEUS in AKI
Category | Refences | Model | Intervention | CEUS parameters | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrarenal regional blood flow applications | Brabrand et al. [83] | Pigs | Hypoxia | Cortical PI↓, medullary TTP and MTT↑ | Global hypoxia induced changes in overall and regional renal perfusion detectable with CEUS |
Komuro et al. [92] | Rats | Bolus injection of normal saline | Cortical and medullary TTP↑, and cortical PI ↓in the CVP 15 mmHg group; medullary PI ↓in CVP 10 mmHg group | Impaired renal parenchymal flow accompanied with increased renal interstitial pressure | |
Komuro et al. [91] | Patients with congestive heart failure | Decongestive therapy | cortical TTP ↓, medullary TTP (–) | Renal congestion can be observed using CEUS | |
Song et al. [81] | ICU patients | – | Cortical TTP↑, medullary RT↑ | Can aid the diagnosis of AKI in ICU patients | |
Li et al. [104] | AKI patients | – | WIR↓, MTT and PT ↑ | Reduced microcirculatory perfusion had occurred in AKI patients prior to the alteration of blood creatinine | |
Wang et al. [105] | AKI patients | – | PIT and WIR↓, PT↑ | Compared to SCr and BUN, CEUS parameters can early response to renal dysfunction | |
Yoon et al. [102] | AKI and non-AKI patients | – | Cortical RT, MTT, RT and WIS; medullary RT and PI; AUC of cortical and medullary | Diagnosing the severity of AKI and predicting renal prognosis | |
Liu et al. [103] | Septic patients | – | PT, AS, DT/2 and MTT↑ | Assessment the possibility of severe AKI | |
Liu et al. [106] | Septic AKI patients | – | PI↓, TTP↑ | CEUS is of great help in the detection of condition changes and prognosis | |
Wang et al. [107] | Septic AKI patients | – | RT↑, PI and WIS↓ | Combination of blood creatinine, WIS and PI improved the accuracy of diagnosing AKI | |
Septic shock patients | – | Cortical PI and WIR↓; MTT ↑ | Renal cortical hypoperfusion is a persistent feature in critically ill septic patients who develop AKI | ||
Application of CEUS in AKI prognosis and its influencing factors | Schweiger et al. [54] | Healthy cats | – | PI, WIS, MTT | Higher in the renal cortex than in the medulla |
Colorectal surgery and cardiac surgery patients | – | PI↓, MTT↓ | Predict postoperative renal adverse events | ||
Luo et al. [69] | I/R rabbits | – | AT and TTP values peaked 3 d | Correlated with the most significant pathological changes at the same timepoint | |
Schneider et al. [110] | Healthy subjects | Ang II | Cortical PI↓ | ||
Imamura et al. [111] | Healthy subjects | Diclofenac sodium | Cortical PI↓ | ||
Dong et al. [117] | Healthy rabbits | Nitroglycerin | Cortex TTP and AUC↑; AS and DS↓ | – | |
Haers et al. [118] | Dogs | Hydrocortisone | Cortical and medullary PI↑ | – | |
Wang et al. [112] | CLP rats | Curcumin | PI, AUC, and DT/2↑ | Improve renal microcirculation | |
Si et al. [114] | I/R rabbits | Dexmedetomidine | PI↑, TTP and AUC↓ | Improve renal microcirculation | |
Stock et al. [115] | I/R cats | Ang II | WiPI, WOR, and WiAUC↓ | – | |
Ergin et al. [116] | Severe hemodilution pigs | Hydroxyl ethyl starch | Cortex MTT↓ | Preserved intrarenal microcirculatory perfusion and renal function | |
Wang et al. [109] | Septic shock patients | Terlipressin | PI↑ | Improve renal perfusion |