Table 3 Chemokine and chemokine receptor inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy
Target | Inhibitor | Tumor model | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|
CCX721 BL5923 | Multiple Myeloma Hepatic spread of Colon Cancer | Blocks excess osteoclast activity Suppresses metastatic colonization of myeloid cells | |
CCR2 [141] | CCX872 + Anti-PD1 | Pancreatic cancer | Enhances the therapeutic effect of Programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PDL1) immunotherapy |
CCL2 [142] | CNTO 888 + Radiotherapy | Breast Cancer | Inhibits CCL2-induced calcium mobilization, inhibits angiogenesis and improves the impact of radiotherapy |
Mogamulizumab Anti-CCR4 CAR-T Cells | Relapsed adult T-cell leukemia T-cell malignancies | Blocks CCR4-mediated signal transduction pathways and chemokine-mediated angiogenesis Increases the number of natural killer cells and changes the phenotype of myeloid cells into anti-tumorigenic | |
Maraviroc TAK-779 | Colorectal Cancer Melanoma and Pancreatic cancer | Decreases rate at which fibroblasts associated with cancer accumulates + suppress cellular growth in leukemia model Inhibits Ligand Binding to CCR5 | |
let-7a (siRNA) | Prostate and Colorectal cancer | Directly binds to the 3'UTR of CCR7 and blocks its protein expression | |
CXCR2 [150] | Riparixin + PTX | Breast Cancer | Inhibits CXCL8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, reducing intracellular signaling, breast cancer stem cells, and metastases formation |