Table 2 Logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between demographic, clinical characteristics and the need to start oxygen therapy (n = 1145)

Males

–

–

Age groups ≥ 60 years^a

2.86 (1.52–5.37)

0.001

Comorbidity

Weight, kg

–

–

BMI > 30 kg/m²

–

–

Chronic renal failure, yes

–

–

Dialysis, yes

–

–

Immunodeficit, yes

–

–

Transplant recipients, yes

–

–

Rheumatological disease, yes

–

–

Decompensated diabetes, yes^a

1.40 (0.84–2.32)

0.198

Diabetes, yes

–

–

Chronic liver disease, yes

–

–

COPD, yes^a

1.69 (1.03–2.78)

0.038

Hemoglobinopathies, yes

–

–

Neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative diseases, yes

–

–

Dementia, yes^a

2.17 (1.32–3.56)

0.002

Chromosopathies/hypoxia, yes

–

–

Neuromuscular disease, yes

–

–

Cerebrovascular events, yes

–

–

Oncological disease, yes^a

0.93 (0.51–1.72)

0.822

Metastasis, yes

–

–

Terminal cancer, yes

–

–

Hematological tumors, yes^a

3.01 (1.41–6.543)

0.004

Solid tumors in chemotherapy, yes

–

–

Hematological tumors in chemotherapy, yes

–

–

Cardiovascular diseases, yes

–

–

Heart failure, yes^a

1.55 (1.01–2.38)

0.046

Previous acute myocardial infarction, yes

–

–

Hypertension, yes

–

–

Number of comorbidities, yes

–

–

CCI, yes

–

–

Vaccine 0–1 doses^a

3.46 (2.19–5.49)

 < 0.001

Symptoms

–

–

Fever, yes^a

2.60 (1.75–3.88)

 < 0.001

Cough, yes

–

–

Tachypnea, yes

–

–

Ageusia, yes

–

–

Pharyngodynia, yes

–

–

Chills, yes

–

–

Asthenia, yes

–

–

Headache, yes

–

–

Myalgias, yes

–

–

Gastrointestinal symptoms, yes

–

–

Dyspnoea, yes^a

5.04 (3.24–7.83)

 < 0.001

Nasal congestion, yes

–

–

Anosmia, yes

–

–

Radiological findings

–

–

CT pneumonia, yes

–

–

GGO, yes^a

3.52 (2.33–5.32)

 < 0.001

Consolidation, yes^a

2.67 (1.66–4.29)

 < 0.001

Pulmonary Embolism, yes

–

–

Biochemical indexes

WBC (× 10³) ≥ 11^a

1.35 (0.79–2.31)

0.271

Neutrophils

–

–

Lymphocytes

–

–

NLR

–

–

Ferritin

–

–

Ferritin > 336 ng/mL in male and > 307 ng/mL in female^a

3.24 (2.16–4.85)

 < 0.001

PCT

–

–

PCT > 0.5 ng/mL^a

1.03 (0.61–1.73)

0.914

Urea

–

–

Creatinine

–

–

eGFR ≥ 67.4 mL/min/1.73m^2a

0.75 (0.49–1.15)

0.186

AST

–

–

ALT

–

–

De Ritis ≥ 1.2^a

1.60 (1.07–2.39)

0.022

LDH

–

–

LDH > 333 UI/L^a

1.79 (1.01–3.18)

0.048

CRP

–

–

D-Dimer ≥ 1^a

1.27 (0.86–1.90)

0.234

Therapy

Early treatment, yes

–

–

Exposure to antiviral

–

–

Exposure to Monlupiravir, yes

–

–

Exposure to Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir

–

–

Exposure to Remdesivir

–

–

Not therapy with antiviral or monoclonal antibodies treatment^a

11.07 (6.99–17.54)

 < 0.001

Exposure to Casirivimab/Imdevimab

–

–

Exposure to Sotrovimab

–

–

Hospital infection, yes

–

–

Bacterial co-infection, yes^a

1.55 (0.88–2.74)

0.131