Fig. 1

Schematic overview. First-void urine (FVU) samples were collected from 10 female volunteers. Aliquots of 1 ml of the FVU and the control sample were spiked with HPV16 PsV, PhHV-1 DNA, and HPV16 plasmid DNA. Also, one aliquot was not spiked. All the samples underwent biomarker precipitation using six different protocols; (1) precipitation of unspiked samples without PEG (Usp-NP), (2) precipitation of spiked samples without PEG (Sp-NP), (3) precipitation using 10% (w/v) PEG6000, (4) precipitation using 8% (w/v) PEG20000, (5) low-speed centrifugation followed by precipitation of the supernatant using 10% (w/v) PEG6000, and (6) low-speed centrifugation followed by precipitation of the supernatant using 8% (w/v) PEG20000. Supernatants and pellets were collected for all purifications and qPCR was performed for GAPDH, PhHV-1, HPV16, and PsV (EGFP). In addition, ELISA for UMOD was performed