Fig. 3

Promotion of Angiogenesis in Diabetic Rats' Hindlimbs and foot ulcers by TTT. a-b Representative images alongside quantitative vessel volume analyses from micro-CT scans, post vascular perfusion, in the three study groups (n = 4). c Dual immunofluorescence staining of wound sections highlighting CD31 (red) and αSMA (green), with nuclear DAPI (blue). Scale bar represents 100 μm. d-f Semi-quantitative assessment of CD31, αSMA, and combined CD31/αSMA expressions reveals enhanced angiogenesis in the TTT-treated wounds. Comparative data are normalized to the control group (n = 6). Statistical significance indicated as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 for TTT versus control; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 for TTT versus sham