Fig. 5

TTT enhances M2 macrophage polarization and modulates inflammatory response in diabetic foot ulcers. a Immunofluorescence Analysis: Wound sections were probed with CD206 (red) and iNOS (green) antibodies, and cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Semi-quantitative analysis indicated a marked reduction in M1 macrophages and an augmentation in M2 macrophages within the TTT-treated group. b–i Western Blotting and Quantitative Analysis: Investigations were conducted on the expression levels of proteins CD206, iNOS, COX2, Ym1, and Arg1 in wound tissues (sample size: n = 6). Protein quantifications were normalized against β-actin. j–n Quantitative RT-PCR: mRNA levels of cytokines and enzymes, including IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, COX2, and Arg-1, were quantified in wound tissues (n = 6). o–q ELISA Measurements: Concentrations of cytokines IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α were measured in the serum of diabetic rats (n = 6). Statistical significance is denoted as follows: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 for comparisons of TTT versus Control; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 for TTT versus Sham