| All patients | NIV group | HFNO group | NIV + HFNO group | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute and relative frequencies, n (%) | 266 | 92 (34.5) | 31 (11.6) | 143 (53.8) | Â |
Age (years), median (IQR) | 62 (49–73) | 64 (49–79) | 62 (55–71) | 62 (48–72) | 0.615 |
Sex, n (%) | |||||
Male | 185 (69.5) | 59 (31.9) | 22 (11.9) | 104 (56.2) | 0.370 |
Female | 81 (30.4) | 33 (40.7) | 9 (11.1) | 39 (48.1) | Â |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
COPD | 13 (4.9) | 5 (38.4) | 1 (7.7) | 7 (53.8) | 0.885 |
Asthma | 15 (5.6) | 5 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 10 (66.6) | 0.308 |
Heart failure | 11 (4.1) | 6 (54.5)†| 4 (36.3)†| 1 (9) | 0.003 |
Arterial hypertension | 166 (62.4) | 55 (33.1) | 20 (12) | 91 (54.8) | 0.810 |
Diabetes mellitus | 85 (31.9) | 32 (37.6) | 15 (17.6) | 38 (44.7)# | 0.048 |
Kidney failure | 21 (7.9) | 10 (47.6) | 4 (19) | 7 (33.3) | 0.138 |
Dementia | 8 (3) | 7 (87.5)†# | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.006 |
Other comorbidities | 169 (60.5) | 62 (36.7) | 16 (9.4) | 91 (53.8) | 0.463 |
SAPS-3 score, median (IQR)a | 48 (43–54) | 47 (44–54) | 45.5 (42–49) | 49 (44–54) | 0.076 |
BMI, n (%) | |||||
 < 30 kg/m2 | 113 (42.5) | 41 (36.2) | 12 (10.6) | 60 (53.9) | 0.446 |
 ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 | 91 (34.2) | 26 (28.6) | 13 (14.2) | 52 (57.1) |  |
Clinical parameters | |||||
Time from symptom onset to hospital admission, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
0–10 days | 132 (49.6) | 45 (34.1) | 16 (12.1) | 71 (53.7) | 0.052 |
11–20 days | 10 (3.8) | 2 (20) | 4 (40) | 4 (40) |  |
21– > 30 days | 5 (1.5) | 1 (20) | 2 (40) | 2 (40) |  |
Chest CT score, n (%) | |||||
0%–25% | 15 (5.6) | 6 (40) | 1 (6.6) | 8 (53.3) | 0.038 |
26%–50% | 164 (61.6) | 62 (37.8) | 19 (11.5) | 83 (50.6) |  |
 > 50% | 60 (22.6) | 8 (13.3) | 9 (15) | 43 (71.6)*# |  |
Undetermined | 3 (1.1) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (66.6) | Â |
Normal CT scan | 24 (9) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
SpO2/FiO2, median (IQR) | 251 [111–356] | 271 [118–365] | 317 [254 – 420] | 229 [102 – 317] # | 0.001 |
RR, median (IQR) | 20 [18–25] | 20 [19–24] | 20 [17–21] | 21 [18–26] | 0.178 |
ROX, median (IQR) | 11.2 [5.4–18.5] | 12.3 [5.2–19.4] | 16.8 [11–22.4] | 9.3 [4.9–15.8] # | 0.002 |
Concomitant medications, n (%) | |||||
Azithromycin | 140 (52.6) | 49 (35)# | 23Â (16) | 68 (48.5)# | 0.026 |
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | 38 (14.3) | 16 (42.1)# | 10 (26.3) | 12 (31.6)# | 0.002 |
Dexamethasone | 236 (88.7) | 80 (33.9)# | 20 (8.4) | 136 (57.6)*# |  < 0.001 |
Kidney replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (dialysis), n (%) | 71 (26.7) | 22 (31) | 5 (7) | 44 (62) | 0.259 |