The effect of colchicine on cancer risk in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a time-dependent study based on the Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database

Table 5 Summary findings and speculations

Without stratification with age and sex
NLRP3	1 NLRP3 dual effect for cancer	2 Colchicine modulate NLRP3 effect for cancer	3 Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Diabetes Liver cirrhosis	4 Detection Bias Modulate aHR^b,c	aHR^a
					Effect of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 =
Colorectal cancer—IMIDs colitis (− attenuating tumorigenic activity late stage of colitis + enhancing tumorigenic activity in early stage of colitis)	±	−−	+	0/+	–

Stratification with age and sex
	1 NLRP3 effect for cancer	2 Testosterone (+) Estrogen (?) Effect For cancer	3 Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Diabetes Tobacco use	4 Colchicine Modulate NLRP3 Effect for cancer	aHR^a Effect of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 =
Colorectal cancer^c
Male	+	+	+	−−	–
Female	+	?	+	−−	–
> 65-year	+	0	+	0/−	0
< 65-year	+	+	+	−−	–

+ were associated with enhancing the + aHR, -were associated with attenuating-aHR, 0 were null effect on the aHR
aHR^a effect of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
IMIDs immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
Chronic colitis: the ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease
^bThe colchicine users have received the higher frequency of medical services (N ≧ 4) with the at least one procedure in relation to cancer diagnosis on these cancers than the colchicine nonusers (N = 1)
^c In colchicine users, the frequency of high up to 43.2% patients in brain cancer cohort have received the brain-related procedure for neurodegenerative diseases or head trauma. In contrast, in colorectal cancer cohort, only13% patients have received the colonscopy-related procedure. However, these colchicine users having the higher frequency of the examination of the cancers-related procedures than the colchicine nonusers before the diagnosis of these cancers

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