Table 3 Evidence quality of included SRs
Study | Design | Risk of bias | Consistency | Directness | Imprecision | Reporting bias | Strength | Gradient | Confounding | Overall confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Munshi, 2019 [31] | RCT, observational study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + 1 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯ moderate |
Shrestha, 2022 [38] | RCT, retrospective study, prospective observational study, cohort study | 0 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯ very low |
Tillmann, 2017 [27] | RCT, cohort study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯ low |
Mendes Pedro Vitale, 2019 [30] | RCT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯ moderate |
Alain Combes, 2020 [32] | RCT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ high |
Zhu, 2021 [36] | RCT, retrospective or prospective cohort study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + 1 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯ moderate |
Munshi, 2014 [24] | RCT, observational study | 0 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯ very low |
Mitchell, 2010 [22] | RCT, cohort study | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯ very low |
Alberto Zangrillo, 2013 [23] | Observational study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯ low |
Alshamsi Fayez, 2020 [34] | RCT | 0 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯ moderate |
Ouweneel Dagmar, 2016 [26] | Cohort study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯ low |
Beyea, 2018 [28] | Case series, cohort study | − 1 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + 1 | 0 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯ very low |
Twohig, 2019 [29] | Retrospective or prospective observational study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯ low |
Miraglia, 2020 [33] | Cohort study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + 1 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁⨁◯ moderate |
Miraglia, 2020 [35] | Cohort study, case–control study | 0 | 0 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯ very low |
Scquizzato, 2022 [37] | RCT, observational study | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ⨁⨁◯◯ low |
Ahn Chiwon, 2016 [25] | Retrospective or prospective cohort study | 0 | − 1 | 0 | − 1 | 0 | + 1 | 0 | 0 | ⨁◯◯◯ very low |