Table 1 General characteristic of included studies
Author—year | Country | Sedatives used | n Intervention/comparison | Sedation protocol methodology | Criteria exclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taran—2019 [10] | Iran | Fentanyl, methadone, midazolam, haloperidol, morphine, thiopental | 39 40 | Algorithm | Extubating and alertness in the first 24 h, modification or, suspension of a drug prescribed by the attending physician, transfer to the operating room for surgery, Glasgow criteria below 5 and initiation of continuous infusion of sedative |
Brook—1999 [11] | USA | Propofol, haloperidol, fentanyl, lorazepam, diazepam | 162 159 | Algorithm | Were temporarily (< 24 h) admitted to the medical intensive care unit from a surgical ward while awaiting a surgical intensive care unit bed |
Weisbrodt—2011 [12] | USA | Fentanyl, midazolam, propofol | 26 24 | Daily interruption | Had a neurological or neurosurgical diagnosis at admission, drug overdose, could not understand English, as do not resuscitated orders |
Anifantaki—2009 [13] | Greece | Remifentanil, propofol, midazolam | 49 48 | Daily interruption | Pregnancy, transfer to the ICU after resuscitation after cardiac arrest or initiation of sedative infusion in another hospital |
Bucknall—2008 [14] | Australia | Fentanyl, midazolam, diazepam, haloperidol, morphine, vecuronium | 153 159 | Algorithm | Cardiac surgery and those admitted to the ICU who had been on the study previously |
Tanios—2019 [15] | USA | Fentanyl, midazolam, propofol | 28–31 29 | Algorithm and algorithm + daily interruption | Cardiac arrest, acute neurologic injury, acute alcohol withdrawal, conditions that precludes sedation, or continuous IV opioid or sedative use ≥ 24 h |
Shehabi—2013 [16] | Australia | Dexmedetomidine, propofol | 21 16 | Algorithm | Minors, pregnancy, neurological injury, overdose, burn injury, acute liver failure, dementia, shock |
Kress—2000 [17] | USA | Midazolam, propofol | 68 60 | Daily interruption | Pregnancy, transfer from an outside institution where sedatives had already been administered, and admission after resuscitation from cardiac arrest |
Girard—2008 [18] | USA | Benzodiazepines, opiates, propofol | 168 167 | Daily interruption | Cardiopulmonary arrest, continuous mechanical ventilation for 2 weeks or more, moribund state, withdrawal from life support, profound neurological deficits, or current enrollment in another clinical trial |
Mansouri—2013 [19] | Iran | Morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, midazolam, propofol, haloperidol | 95 105 | Algorithm | Had less than 24 h of ICU stay, were expected to die in less than 48 h, had received muscle relaxants, received anticonvulsant medication for seizures, had psychological illness, or had paralysis of the upper extremities or immobilization in a cast |