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Table 2 Standard assessment tools for evaluation of adherence in the HD population

From: Adherence to prescribed oral medication in adult patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: A critical review of the literature

Direct monitoring methods

Indirect monitoring methods

assays of drug concentrations in biological fluids

patient self-reports (structured interviews, questionnaire)

use of markers incorporated into pills

compliance ratings by nurses

direct observation of pill taking

prescription refills

pill counts

microelectronic monitoring devices (MEMS)