Table 3 Distribution of studied variables according to the genotypes of the ACE I/D polymorphism
Variables | II (n = 24)a | ID (n = 87)b | DD (n = 44)c | p valuea × b × c | DD + ID (n = 131)d | p valuea × d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 61.7 ± 11.9 | 63.1 ± 10.6 | 64.3 ± 12.6 | NS | 63.5 ± 11.3 | NS |
Gender (male/female) | 8/16 | 41/46 | 17/27 | NS | 58/73 | NS |
Duration of hypertension (years) | 16.9 ± 9.9 | 15.9 ± 10.0 | 15.7 ± 10.6 | NS | 15.8 ± 10.2 | NS |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 4.0 | 29.1 ± 4.7 | 28.8 ± 5.7 | NS | 29.0 ± 5.1 | NS |
History of stroke, n (%) | 9 (37.5) | 17 (19.5) | 9 (20.5) | NS | 26 (19.8) | NS |
History of myocardial infarction, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.8) | 2 (4.5) | NS | 7 (5.3) | NS |
LVH, n (%) | 3 (13.0) | 29 (34.1) | 20 (46.5) | 0.024 | 49 (37.4) | 0.019 |
Microalbuminuria, n (%) | 14 (58.3) | 54 (62.0) | 22 (50.0) | NS | 76 (58.0) | NS |
Albuminuria (µg/min) | 30.9 ± 29.8 | 27.7 ± 24.9 | 46.3 ± 75.0 | NS | 34.1 ± 48.9 | NS |
Drugs | ||||||
Hypolipemiant, n (%) | 10 (41.7) | 37 (42.5) | 24 (54.5) | NS | 61 (46.6) | NS |
Aspirin, n (%) | 9 (37.5) | 33 (37.9) | 17 (38.6) | NS | 50 (38.2) | NS |
Diuretic, n (%) | 21 (87.5) | 71 (82.6) | 37 (84.1) | NS | 108 (83.1) | NS |
ACE inhibitor, n (%) | 17 (70.8) | 58 (66.7) | 28 (63.6) | NS | 86 (65.7) | NS |
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, n (%) | 2 (8.3) | 17 (19.5) | 3 (6.8) | NS | 20 (15.3) | NS |
Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 10 (41.7) | 36 (41.4) | 19 (43.2) | NS | 55 (42.0) | NS |
Beta-blocker, n (%) | 8 (33.3) | 28 (32.2) | 10 (22.7) | NS | 38 (29.0) | NS |
Blood pressure levels | ||||||
24-h SBP (mmHg) | 129.9 ± 12.6 | 134.8 ± 16.7 | 139.1 ± 20.1 | NS | 136.2 ± 18.0 | 0.042 |
24-h DBP (mmHg) | 79.3 ± 5.9 | 81.7 ± 10.5 | 82.9 ± 13.7 | NS | 82.1 ± 11.7 | NS |
Daytime SBP (mmHg) | 131.8 ± 12.7 | 136.5 ± 17.1 | 142.2 ± 19.9 | NS | 138.4 ± 18.2 | 0.036 |
Daytime DBP (mmHg) | 80.0 ± 9.4 | 84.0 ± 11.0 | 85.2 ± 13.9 | NS | 84.4 ± 12.0 | NS |
Nighttime SBP (mmHg) | 123.8 ± 15.4 | 129.2 ± 19.0 | 131.4 ± 21.2 | NS | 130.0 ± 19.7 | NS |
Nighttime DBP (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 7.0 | 75.5 ± 11.6 | 75.6 ± 14.2 | NS | 75.6 ± 12.5 | NS |
SBP dipping (%) | 5.5 ± 7.9 | 5.3 ± 8.0 | 6.9 ± 9.0 | NS | 5.9 ± 8.4 | NS |
DBP dipping (%) | 8.7 ± 9.0 | 9.7 ± 9.0 | 10.9 ± 9.5 | NS | 10.2 ± 9.2 | NS |
Echocardiographic profile | ||||||
Septal thickness (mm) | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 10.4 ± 1.8 | 10.0 ± 1.7 | 0.007 | 10.3 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Wall thickness (mm) | 8.7 ± 1.1 | 10.2 ± 3.6 | 9.6 ± 1.6 | NS | 10.0 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
LV mass (g) | 170.1 ± 48.0 | 213.3 ± 95.1 | 201.4 ± 68.9 | NS | 209.3 ± 87.1 | 0.003 |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 100.3 ± 25.7 | 120.1 ± 57.0 | 111.7 ± 31.7 | NS | 117.3 ± 50.0 | 0.017 |