Table 1 Patient characteristics categorized by ventricular conduction blockage patterns
|  | All patients (n = 1118) | Non-smokers (n = 593) | Moderate smokers (n = 159) | Heavy smokers (n = 366) | P value | Non-drinkers (n = 747) | Mild drinkers (n = 142) | Moderate drinkers (n = 229) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51.2 ± 14.6 | 51.0 ± 16.4 | 49.6 ± 13.9 | 52.1 ± 11.5 | 0.184 | 51.4 ± 15.8 | 50.4 ± 13.0 | 50.7 ± 11.2 | 0.650 |
Female gender, n (%) | 300 (26.8) | 280 (47.2) | 13 (8.2) | 7 (1.9) | <0.001 | 293 (39.2) | 4 (2.8) | 3 (1.3) | <0.001 |
History | |||||||||
 Disease duration (years) | 2 (0.5–6) | 3 (0.65–7) | 2 (0.25–6) | 3 (0.5–6) | 0.167 | 2 (0.5–6) | 2 (0.325–5) | 3 (0.93–7) | 0.224 |
  Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 300 (26.8) | 142 (23.9) | 48 (30.2) | 110 (30.1) | 0.068 | 178 (23.8) | 41 (28.9) | 81 (35.4) | 0.002 |
  Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 161 (14.4) | 84 (14.2) | 23 (14.5) | 54 (14.8) | 0.968 | 108 (14.5) | 18 (12.7) | 35 (15.3) | 0.783 |
 Stroke, n (%) | 51 (4.6) | 27 (4.6) | 6 (3.8) | 18 (4.9) | 0.846 | 38 (5.1) | 5 (3.5) | 8 (3.5) | 0.490 |
 Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 260 (23.3) | 125 (21.1) | 32 (20.1) | 103 (28.1) | 0.025 | 165 (22.1) | 32 (22.5) | 63 (27.5) | 0.231 |
 Ventricular premature beat, n (%) | 377 (33.7) | 199 (33.6) | 54 (34.0) | 124 (33.9) | 0.992 | 253 (33.9) | 51 (35.9) | 73 (31.9) | 0.718 |
 Ventricular tachycardia, n (%) | 216 (19.3) | 120 (20.2) | 24 (15.1) | 72 (19.7) | 0.338 | 152 (20.3) | 26 (18.3) | 38 (16.6) | 0.429 |
 NYHA class III and IV, n (%) | 821 (73.4) | 439 (74.0) | 106 (66.7) | 276 (75.4) | 0.102 | 558 (74.7) | 99 (69.7) | 164 (71.6) | 0.367 |
Admission vital signs | |||||||||
 SBP (mm Hg) | 113.1 ± 17.8 | 111.3 ± 17.4 | 115.0 ± 16.2 | 115.4 ± 18.7 | 0.001 | 112.0 ± 17.7 | 115.8 ± 17.4 | 115.1 ± 17.8 | 0.012 |
 DBP (mm Hg) | 72.5 ± 12.6 | 71.0 ± 12.3 | 75.2 ± 12.2 | 73.6 ± 13.0 | <0.001 | 71.3 ± 12.6 | 74.2 ± 12.9 | 75.1 ± 12.2 | <0.001 |
 Heart rate, beats/min | 80.8 ± 17.4 | 81.3 ± 17.8 | 79.9 ± 16.8 | 80.8 ± 17.4 | 0.611 | 81.1 ± 17.4 | 79.3 ± 17.4 | 80.9 ± 16.5 | 0.546 |
Laboratory values at admission | |||||||||
 AST (IU/L) | 26 (20–35) | 25 (19–34.75) | 28 (20.75–36) | 25 (20–35) | 0.969 | 26 (19–35) | 25 (20–34) | 27 (21–37) | 0.422 |
 ALT (IU/L) | 28 (19–45) | 26 (18–43) | 33 (22–58.5) | 30 (20–45.5) | 0.826 | 27 (19–44) | 28 (20–45) | 32 (22–47.75) | 0.656 |
 TB (mmol/L) | 20.3 (15.1–30.625) | 20.5 (15.1–31.5) | 19 (15.175–28.525) | 20.3 (15.1–29.5) | 0.738 | 20.2 (15–30.775) | 19.9 (16.2–29.35) | 21 (14.85–30.3) | 0.834 |
 DB (mmol/L) | 3.7 (2.5–6.575) | 3.6 (2.4–6.9) | 3.5 (2.5–5.775) | 3.8 (2.6–6.25) | 0.653 | 3.7 (2.4–6.8) | 3.6 (2.5–6.2) | 3.85 (2.5–6.575) | 0.869 |
 Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.61 ± 1.83 | 5.61 ± 1.90 | 5.71 ± 2.04 | 5.58 ± 1.58 | 0.763 | 5.61 ± 1.83 | 5.48 ± 2.04 | 5.67 ± 1.56 | 0.614 |
 TG (mmol/L) | 1.56 ± 1.02 | 1.57 ± 1.06 | 1.60 ± 0.94 | 1.53 ± 0.98 | 0.736 | 1.54 ± 1.04 | 1.50 ± 0.81 | 1.67 ± 1.05 | 0.237 |
 CHO (mmol/L) | 4.60 ± 1.11 | 4.56 ± 1.12 | 4.61 ± 1.14 | 4.66 ± 1.10 | 0.458 | 4.58 ± 1.12 | 4.62 ± 1.05 | 4.67 ± 1.20 | 0.545 |
 Creatinine (µmol/L) | 92.8 ± 35.3 | 88.2 ± 34.7 | 98.2 ± 44.4 | 97.8 ± 30.6 | <0.001 | 91.2 ± 38.2 | 94.7 ± 25.7 | 96.9 ± 29.9 | 0.082 |
 BUN (µmol/L) | 7.98 ± 3.99 | 7.79 ± 3.71 | 8.15 ± 5.62 | 8.20 ± 3.56 | 0.264 | 7.96 ± 4.06 | 7.63 ± 2.63 | 8.24 ± 4.45 | 0.366 |
 Pro-NT BNP (fmol/ml) | 1534.85 (790.725–2795.15) | 1543.4 (828.85–2827.05) | 1475.55 (701.05–2661.425) | 1547.2 (790.35–2826.55) | 0.353 | 1583 (825.3–2907.2) | 1420 (721.8–2898.3) | 1399.6 (737.3–2559.75) | 0.149 |
Electrograph data | |||||||||
 QRS duration (ms) | 119.7 ± 30.9 | 119.9 ± 32.4 | 119.7 ± 27.9 | 119.2 ± 29.9 | 0.941 | 119.6 ± 30.9 | 119.1 ± 31.0 | 120.0 ± 30.8 | 0.963 |
 QT (ms) | 405.8 ± 54.5 | 406.7 ± 55.7 | 406.9 ± 57.5 | 403.9 ± 51.1 | 0.727 | 406.4 ± 54.1 | 403.0 ± 47.9 | 404.8 ± 58.7 | 0.768 |
 P (ms) | 107.5 ± 21.7 | 105.0 ± 21.1 | 110.0 ± 20.6 | 110.7 ± 22.8 | 0.002 | 106.3 ± 21.8 | 108.2 ± 20.3 | 111.4 ± 21.8 | 0.036 |
 PR (ms) | 183.0 ± 33.0 | 183.0 ± 33.4 | 178.2 ± 32.6 | 185.2 ± 32.4 | 0.148 | 183.0 ± 33.8 | 182.5 ± 32.8 | 183.5 ± 30.6 | 0.965 |
Echocardiography data | |||||||||
 LVd (mm) | 68.1 ± 9.4 | 67.3 ± 9.15 | 69.2 ± 9.10 | 69.1 ± 9.76 | 0.004 | 67.6 ± 9.27 | 69.6 ± 9.80 | 69.0 ± 9.40 | 0.020 |
 LVEF (mm) | 31.9 ± 8.4 | 31.5 ± 8.0 | 32.1 ± 8.9 | 32.3 ± 8.7 | 0.341 | 31.6 ± 8.2 | 32.1 ± 8.6 | 32.7 ± 9.0 | 0.232 |
 RV (mm) | 23.6 ± 5.4 | 23.3 ± 5.2 | 23.0 ± 4.7 | 24.5 ± 5.8 | 0.004 | 23.5 ± 5.4 | 23.9 ± 4.9 | 23.8 ± 5.7 | 0.583 |
 LA (mm) | 44.0 ± 7.7 | 43.2 ± 7.6 | 43.9 ± 7.9 | 45.4 ± 7.6 | <0.001 | 43.6 ± 7.5 | 44.7 ± 8.6 | 45.1 ± 7.5 | 0.020 |
Medications at admission | |||||||||
 Diuretics, n (%) | 1085 (94.6) | 562 (94.8) | 151 (95.0) | 345 (94.3) | 0.925 | 706 (94.5) | 130 (91.5) | 222 (96.9) | 0.079 |
 ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 947 (84.7) | 500 (84.3) | 137 (86.2) | 310 (84.7) | 0.848 | 623 (83.4) | 125 (88.0) | 199 (86.9) | 0.218 |
 Beta-blockers, n (%) | 1015 (90.8) | 537 (90.6) | 151 (95.0) | 327 (89.3) | 0.118 | 677 (90.6) | 129 (90.8) | 209 (91.3) | 0.958 |
 Digoxin, n (%) | 898 (80.3) | 486 (82.0) | 124 (78.0) | 288 (78.7) | 0.593 | 587 (78.6) | 118 (83.1) | 193 (84.3) | 0.111 |
 Spironolactone, n (%) | 1016 (90.9) | 544 (91.7) | 142 (89.3) | 330 (90.2) | 0.542 | 680 (91.0) | 125 (88.0) | 211 (92.1) | 0.396 |