Table 3 Vitamin D effects on innate and adaptive immunity
From: Vitamin D and airway infections: a European perspective
Innate immunity | • Cell types:  Monocytes/macrophages, keratinocytes, gastrointestinal/bronchial epithelial cells, decidual cells, trophoblastic cells, natural killer cells • Vitamin D effects:  Antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin, defensins)↑  Autophagy↑  Reactive oxygen species↑, Nitric oxide↑  Cytokines (e.g. interleukins 6, 8, 12, tumour necrosis factor-α)↑  Chemokines (e.g. CCL3, CCL4, CCL8, CCL20)↑ |
Adaptive immunity | • Cell types:  T cells, dendritic cells • Vitamin D effects:  T-regulatory cells↑, T helper cells type 17↓  T helper cells type 1↓, T helper cells type 2↑  Pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor-α)↓  Anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukins 4 and 10)↑ Immunoglobulin E↑ |