Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
Variable | Dabigatran, NÂ =Â 68 (22Â %) | VKA, NÂ =Â 138 (45Â %) | Rivaroxaban, NÂ =Â 100 (33Â %) | p value for difference between VKA and dabigatran | p value for difference between VKA and rivaroxaban | p value for difference between dabigatran and rivaroxaban | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age: year | |||||||||
 Median | 66 | 68.5 | 64 | 0.16 | 0.052 | 0.738 | |||
 Interquartile range | 58–72 | 60–74 | 55.8–72 |  |  |  | |||
Male sex: no. (%) | 48 (71Â %) | 78 (57Â %) | 57 (57Â %) | 0.068 | 1 | 0.078 | |||
Body–mass index | |||||||||
 Median | 27.2 | 27.5 | 28.4 | 0.809 | 0.196 | 0.209 | |||
 Interquartile range | 24.9–31.4 | 25.0–30.9 | 25.5–32.9 |  |  |  | |||
 Hypertension | 43 (63 %) | 102 (74 %) | 69 (69 %) | 0.119 | 0.562 | 0.266 | |||
 Diabetes mellitus | 14 (21 %) | 32 (23 %) | 18 (18 %) | 1 | 0.266 | 0.279 | |||
LA size: cm2 | |||||||||
 Median | 4.1 | 4 | 4.1 | 0.122 | 0.846 | 0.216 | |||
 Interquartile range | 3.6–4.5 | 3.4–4.3 | 3.1–4.4 |  |  |  | |||
 LA size ≥ 5.5 cm2: no. (%) | 2 (3 %) | 3 (2 %) | 2 (2 %) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
LVEF classification: no. (%) | |||||||||
 Normal (≥55 %) | 55 (81 %) | 119 (86 %) | 77 (77 %) | 0.567 | 0.328 | 0.652 | |||
 Mildly reduced (45–54 %) | 7 (10 %) | 11 (8 %) | 14 (14 %) |  |  |  | |||
 Moderately reduced (30–44 %) | 4 (6 %) | 7 (5 %) | 8 (8 %) |  |  |  | |||
 Severely reduced (<30 %) | 2 (3 %) | 1 (1 %) | 1 (1 %) |  |  |  | |||
Renal function; creatinine clearance; classification—no. (%) | |||||||||
 Normal (>80 ml/min) | 57 (84 %) | 102 (74 %) | 74 (74 %) | 0.247 | 0.973 | 0.266 | |||
 Mild impairment (51–80 ml/min) | 11 (16 %) | 35 (25 %) | 25 (25 %) |  |  |  | |||
 Moderate impairment (31–50 ml/min) | 0 (0 %) | 1 (1 %) | 1 (1 %) |  |  |  | |||
 Severe impairment (≤30 ml/min) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) |  |  |  | |||
Classification of atrial fibrillation—no. (%) | |||||||||
 Paroxysmal | 44 (65 %) | 81 (59 %) | 47 (47 %) | 0.792 | 0.054 | 0.097 | |||
 Persistent | 20 (29 %) | 49 (36 %) | 42 (42 %) |  |  |  | |||
 Longstanding persistent | 0 (0 %) | 1 (1 %) | 1 (1 %) |  |  |  | |||
 Permanent | 1 (1 %) | 3 (2 %) | 0 (0 %) |  |  |  | |||
 Atrial flutter | 3 (4 %) | 4 (3 %) | 10 (10 %) |  |  |  | |||
CHADS2 | |||||||||
 Mean score (±SD) | 1.1 (±0.8) | 1.5 (±0.9) | 1.2 (±0.8) | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.521 | |||
 Score—no. (%) | |||||||||
 0 or 1 | 50 (74 %) | 76 (55 %) | 70 (70 %) | 0.029 | 0.012 | 0.647 | |||
 2 | 14 (21 %) | 42 (30 %) | 26 (26 %) |  |  |  | |||
 ≥3 | 4 (6 %) | 20 (14 %) | 4 (4 %) |  |  |  | |||
CHA2DS2-VASc | |||||||||
 Mean score (±SD) | 2.1 (±1.1) | 2.7 (±1.4) | 2.1 (±1.1) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.837 | |||
Score—no. (%) | |||||||||
 0 or 1 | 20 (29 %) | 26 (19 %) | 30 (30 %) | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.993 | |||
 2 | 25 (37 %) | 37 (27 %) | 36 (36 %) |  |  |  | |||
 3 | 17 (25 %) | 36 (26 %) | 24 (24 %) |  |  |  | |||
 ≥4 | 6 (9 %) | 39 (28 %) | 10 (10 %) |  |  |  | |||
 HAS-BLED | |||||||||
 Mean score (±SD) | 1.4 (±0.8) | 1.7 (±0.8) | 1.4 (±0.8) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.496 | |||
Score—no. (%) | |||||||||
 0 or 1 | 43 (63 %) | 48 (35 %) | 54 (54 %) | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.332 | |||
 2 | 19 (28 %) | 73 (53 %) | 39 (39 %) |  |  |  | |||
 ≥3 | 6 (9 %) | 17 (12 %) | 7 (7 %) |  |  |  | |||
LAA morphology—no. (%) | |||||||||
 Banded LAA (chicken wings) | 37 (54 %) | 92 (67 %) | 81 (81 %) | 0.002 | 0.005 | <0.001 | |||
 Non-banded LAA (wind socks, cauliflower, cactus) | 31 (46 %) | 35 (25 %) | 19 (19 %) |  |  |  | |||
 Unknown | 0 (0 %) | 11 (8 %) | 0 (0 %) |  |  |  | |||
Medications at time of inclusion—no. (%) | |||||||||
 ACE inhibitor/ARB | 41 (60 %) | 99 (72 %) | 68 (68 %) | 0.113 | 0.568 | 0.327 | |||
 Amiodarone | 4 (6 %) | 21 (15 %) | 9 (9 %) | 0.069 | 0.171 | 0.564 | |||
 Aspirin | 14 (21 %) | 15 (11 %) | 10 (10 %) | 0.087 | 1 | 0.072 | |||
 Beta blocker | 61 (90 %) | 123 (89 %) | 97 (97 %) | 1 | 0.092 | 0.026 | |||
 Calcium antagonist | 8 (12 %) | 35 (25 %) | 18 (18 %) | 0.028 | 0.208 | 0.385 | |||
 Clopidogrel | 0 (0 %) | 3 (2 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0.552 | 0.266 | 1 | |||
 Cardiac glycosides | 7 (10 %) | 16 (12 %) | 19 (19 %) | 1 | 0.138 | 0.136 | |||
 Dronedarone | 2 (3 %) | 19 (14 %) | 2 (2 %) | 0.014 | 0.001 | 1 | |||
 Statin | 32 (47 %) | 65 (47 %) | 33 (33 %) | 1 | 0.077 | 0.033 | |||
 NSAR | 16 (24 %) | 15 (11 %) | 9 (9 %) | 0.022 | 0.67 | 0.014 | |||
 PPI | 35 (51 %) | 67 (49 %) | 42 (42 %) | 0.767 | 0.357 | 0.27 | |||