| Surgery | Patients and number (n) | Volatile anesthetics and dose | Outcome | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardioprotection | Cardiopulmonary bypass | n = 200 | Sevoflurane 0.5–2% | Increase of troponin I ↓ Cardiac output ↑ Inotropic support ↓ Duration of stay in the ICU and hospital ↓ | De Hert et al. [79] |
Cardiopulmonary bypass | Elderly high-riska patients, n = 45 | Sevoflurane 0.5–2% Desflurane 1–4% | Decrease in cardiac index (CI) post-CPB ↓ Inotropic support ↓ | De Hert et al. [80] | |
Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting | n = 48 | Sevoflurane 1.0 MAC and 1.5 MAC | Post-surgical cardiac Troponin I ↓ | Wang et al. [81] | |
Off-pump coronary artery bypass | n = 45 | Isoflurane 1.0–2.5% | Post-surgical cardiac index ↑ Increase of troponin T ↓ | Tempe et al. [83] | |
Off-pump coronary artery bypass | n = 60 | Sevoflurane 0.7 and 1 MAC | Increase of troponin I ↓ Postoperative NT-proBNPb ↓ Inotropic support ↓ | Guerrero Orriach et al. [84] | |
On-pump coronary artery bypass | n = 45 | Isoflurane 2.5% 10 minc | Hemodynamic recovery ↑ Cardiac troponin T ↓ CK-MB release ↓ Inotropic support ↓ | Amr et al. [85] | |
Cerebral protection | Cardiopulmonary bypass | n = 128 | Sevoflurane 0.6–1 MAC | Cognitive function ↑ | Schoen et al. [91] |
Cardiopulmonary bypass | n = 92 | Sevoflurane 0.5 MAC Isoflurane 0.5 MAC | Postoperative Mg disorders ↓ Increase in plasma MMP-9 and GFAPd concentration ↓ | Dabrowski et al. [92] |