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Fig. 2 | European Journal of Medical Research

Fig. 2

From: Short exposure to tranexamic acid does not affect, in vitro, the viability of human chondrocytes

Fig. 2

Effect of TXA on chondrocyte apoptosis level. On the left, the percentages of live, necrotic and apoptotic cells as assessed with Annexin V–APC/PI dual staining and expressed as cell percentage (mean ± SEM) are reported (*p < 0.05). On the right, the representative cytofluorimetric profiles of AnV/PI staining are also shown. In apoptotic cells, the externalization of membrane phosphatidylserine (PS), a crucial step of apoptosis induction, is identified by Annexin V, a protein with high affinity for PS. Therefore, AnnV conjugated to APC fluorochrome is designed for early detection of apoptosis and in conjunction with membrane permeability dye, as PI, allows to identify live, apoptotic and late apoptotic/secondary necrotic cells. Thus, live cells are both AnnV and PI negative (AnnV−/PI−) (Q1), whereas the early apoptotic cells are AnnV positive and exclude PI due to intact membranes (AnnV+/PI−) (Q2). In contrast, the double AnnV and PI positivity (AnnV+/PI+) and AnnV−/PI+ condition identify the cell population in the late apoptotic/secondary necrotic stage (Q3 and Q4, respectively). Results are representative of two independent experiments

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