Epidemiological data | Total (n = 401) | Mild cases (n = 241) | Moderate cases (n = 160) | p-value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female patients | 80 (20%) | 50 (20.7) | 30 (18.8) | 0.624 |
Male patients | 321 (80%) | 191 (79.3) | 130 (81.3) | |
Age, years (SD, range) | 38.16 (13.43, 1–88) | 37.32 (13.6, 1–83) | 39.43 (13.1, 1–88) | 0.112 |
Age ≤ 18 years | 16 (4%) | 12 (75) | 4 (25) | |
Race | ||||
Middle eastern | 193 (48.1) | 104 (43.2) | 89 (55.6) | 0.06 |
Asian | 200 (49.9) | 133 (55.2) | 67 (41.9) | |
African | 5 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.9) | |
European | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | |
Admission location | ||||
HMG Suwaidi Hospital | 105 (26.2) | 83 (34.4) | 22 (13.8) | ≤ 0.001 |
HMG Rayan Hospital | 102 (25.4) | 71 (29.5) | 31 (19.4) | |
HMG Takhassusi Hospital | 44 (11) | 33 (13.7) | 11 (6.9) | |
HMG Olaya Hospital | 53 (13.2) | 30 (12.4) | 23 (14.4) | |
Al Hammadi Hospital | 97 (24.2) | 24 (10) | 73 (45.6) | |
Frequency of PCR performed (SD, range) | 2.56 (1.51, 1–10) | 2.57 (1.48) | 2.55 (1.56) | 0.710 |
Symptoms | ||||
Cough | 215 (53.6) | 102 (42.3) | 113 (70.6) | ≤ 0.001 |
Fatigue | 104 (25.9) | 50 (20.7) | 54 (33.8) | 0.004 |
Headache | 65 (16.2) | 38 (15.8) | 27 (16.9) | 0.768 |
Diarrhea | 30 (7.5) | 17 (7.1) | 13 (8.1) | 0.690 |
Shortness of breath | 90 (22.4) | 32 (13.3) | 58 (36.3) | ≤ 0.001 |
Body temperature, °C | ||||
Fever upon admission was ≥ 38 °C | 146 (36.4) | 0 | 146 (91.3) | ≤ 0.001 |
Fever during hospitalization was ≥ 38 °C | 62 (15.5) | 0 | 62 (38.8) | ≤ 0.001 |
Sore throat | 88 (21.9) | 32 (13.3) | 58 (36.3) | 0.052 |
Muscle pain | 57 (14.2) | 22 (9.1) | 35 (21.9) | ≤ 0.001 |
Joint pain | 36 (9) | 12 (5) | 24 (15) | 0.001 |
Nausea | 26 (6.5) | 16 (6.6) | 10 (6.3) | 0.877 |
Rhinorrhea | 29 (7.2) | 18 (7.5) | 11 (6.9) | 0.822 |
Dysgeusia | 22 (5.5) | 13 (5.4) | 9 (5.6) | 0.921 |
Vomiting | 16 (4) | 9 (3.7) | 7 (4.4) | 0.748 |
Anorexia | 13 (3.2) | 9 (3.7) | 4 (2.5) | 0.494 |
Chest pain | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | 0.816 |
Abdominal pain | 4 (1) | 3 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0.541 |
Sputum production | 30 (7.5) | 13 (5.4) | 1 (0.6) | 0.051 |
Anosmia | 19 (4.7) | 13 (5.4) | 6 (3.8) | 0.448 |
Hyposmia | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | 0.816 |
Sweating | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.8) | 0 | 0.248 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension | 59 (14.7) | 26 (10.8) | 33 (20.6) | 0.006 |
Hyperglycaemia | 40 (10) | 20 (8.3) | 20 (12.5) | 0.169 |
Chronic kidney disease | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0.415 |
Chronic heart disease | 11 (2.7) | 4 (1.7) | 7 (4.4) | 0.103 |
Chronic lung disease | 15 (3.7) | 9 (3.7) | 6 (3.8) | 0.994 |
Obesity | ||||
Class I | 34 (8.5) | 16 (6.6) | 18 (11.3) | 0.220 |
Class II | 10 (2.5) | 5 (2.1) | 5 (3.1) | – |
Class III | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.8) | 0 | – |
Not obese | 355 (88.5) | 218 (90.5) | 137 (85.6) | – |
Smoking | ||||
Non-smoker | 366 (91.3) | 216 (89.6) | 150 (93.8) | 0.349 |
Smoker | 27 (6.7) | 19 (7.9) | 8 (5) | – |
No. of cigarettes per day | ||||
10–15 cigarettes per day | 11 (40.7) | 9 (47.3) | 2 (25) | – |
20 cigarettes per day | 13 (48.1) | 8 (42.1) | 5 (62.5) | – |
30–40 cigarettes per day | 3 (11.1) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (12.5) | – |
Former smoker | 8 (2) | 6 (2.5) | 2 (1.3) | – |
Dyslipidemia | 19 (4.7) | 8 (3.3) | 11 (6.9) | 0.101 |
Pregnant | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | 0.182 |
Immunocompromised status | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0.415 |
Laboratory tests | ||||
White cell count, × 109/L | 6.56 (3.7) | 6.84 (2.3) | 6.14 (5.2) | 0.069 |
Platelet count, × 109/L | 236.7 (75.3) | 250.6 (79.3) | 215.9 (63.7) | ≤ 0.001 |
Neutrophil count, × 109/L | 4.2 (5) | 4.0 (4.0) | 4.4 (6.2) | 0.425 |
Lymphocyte count, × 109/L | 2.9 (6.1) | 2.63 (2.7) | 3.3 (9.1) | 0.346 |
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 37.29 (28.8) | 35.8 (26.2) | 39.4 (32.1) | 0.399 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 31.1 (20.5) | 28.4 (18.6) | 34.9 (22.4) | ≤ 0.001 |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | 16.99 (32.4) | 11.1 (28.4) | 28.6 (36.5) | ≤ 0.001 |
D-dimer, mg/L | 0.6 (1.6) | 0.57 (0.98) | 0.69 (2.1) | 0.028 |
Lactate concentration, mmol/L | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.57) | 1.45 (0.5) | 0.590 |
Ferritin (ng/ml) | 290.5 (409.6) | 201.6 (275.0) | 445.2 (541.2) | ≤ 0.001 |
Radiography | ||||
Chest CT | ||||
Abnormal | 67 (16.7) | 35 (52.2) | 32 (47.7) | 0.239 |
Normal | 3 (0.7) | 0 | 3 (100) | |
Chest X-ray | ||||
Abnormal | 140 (34.9) | 73 (52.1) | 67 (47.8) | 0.101 |
Normal | 193 (48.1) | 118 (61.1) | 75 (38.8) | |
Treatment | ||||
Oxygen inhalation | 32 (8) | 6 (2.5) | 26 (16.3) | ≤ 0.001 |
Amount of oxygen provided (L) | 4.03 (2.83) | 4.8 (4.4) | 3.8 (2.3) | 0.746 |
Hydroxychloroquine | 66 (16.5) | 23 (9.5) | 43 (26.9) | ≤ 0.001 |
Azithromycin | 193 (48.1) | 74 (30.7) | 119 (74.4) | ≤ 0.001 |
Oseltamivir | 134 (33.4) | 47 (19.5) | 87 (54.4) | ≤ 0.001 |
Vitamin C | 18 (4.5) | 9 (3.7) | 9 (5.6) | 0.371 |
Vitamin E | 17 (4.2) | 8 (3.3) | 9 (5.6) | 0.262 |
Ceftriaxone | 41 (10.2) | 17 (7.1) | 24 (15) | 0.16 |
Enoxaparin | 5 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (2.5) | 0.085 |
Prognosis | ||||
Hospitalization | 315 (78.6) | 185 (76.8) | 130 (81.3) | 0.074 |
Transferred | 18 (4.5) | 8 (3.3) | 10 (6.3) | |
Discharged | 68 (17) | 48 (19.9) | 20 (12.5) | |
Days taken to be SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative, (SD, range) | 3.08 (1.9, 1–11) | 3.11 (1.9, 1–11) | 3.0 (2.0, 1–10) | 0.845 |
Days of hospitalization, (SD, range) | 8.3 (6, 1–42) | 7.37 (5.5, 1–34) | 9.71 (6.5, 1–42) | ≤ 0.001 |