Table 1 Clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19 patients

Female patients

80 (20%)

50 (20.7)

30 (18.8)

0.624

Male patients

321 (80%)

191 (79.3)

130 (81.3)

Age, years (SD, range)

38.16 (13.43, 1–88)

37.32 (13.6, 1–83)

39.43 (13.1, 1–88)

0.112

  Age ≤ 18 years

16 (4%)

12 (75)

4 (25)

Race

  Middle eastern

193 (48.1)

104 (43.2)

89 (55.6)

0.06

  Asian

200 (49.9)

133 (55.2)

67 (41.9)

  African

5 (1.2)

2 (0.8)

3 (1.9)

  European

3 (0.7)

2 (0.8)

1 (0.6)

Admission location

  HMG Suwaidi Hospital

105 (26.2)

83 (34.4)

22 (13.8)

 ≤ 0.001

  HMG Rayan Hospital

102 (25.4)

71 (29.5)

31 (19.4)

  HMG Takhassusi Hospital

44 (11)

33 (13.7)

11 (6.9)

  HMG Olaya Hospital

53 (13.2)

30 (12.4)

23 (14.4)

  Al Hammadi Hospital

97 (24.2)

24 (10)

73 (45.6)

  Frequency of PCR performed (SD, range)

2.56 (1.51, 1–10)

2.57 (1.48)

2.55 (1.56)

0.710

Symptoms

 Cough

215 (53.6)

102 (42.3)

113 (70.6)

 ≤ 0.001

 Fatigue

104 (25.9)

50 (20.7)

54 (33.8)

0.004

 Headache

65 (16.2)

38 (15.8)

27 (16.9)

0.768

 Diarrhea

30 (7.5)

17 (7.1)

13 (8.1)

0.690

 Shortness of breath

90 (22.4)

32 (13.3)

58 (36.3)

 ≤ 0.001

Body temperature, °C

 Fever upon admission was ≥ 38 °C

146 (36.4)

0

146 (91.3)

 ≤ 0.001

 Fever during hospitalization was ≥ 38 °C

62 (15.5)

0

62 (38.8)

 ≤ 0.001

 Sore throat

88 (21.9)

32 (13.3)

58 (36.3)

0.052

 Muscle pain

57 (14.2)

22 (9.1)

35 (21.9)

 ≤ 0.001

 Joint pain

36 (9)

12 (5)

24 (15)

0.001

 Nausea

26 (6.5)

16 (6.6)

10 (6.3)

0.877

 Rhinorrhea

29 (7.2)

18 (7.5)

11 (6.9)

0.822

 Dysgeusia

22 (5.5)

13 (5.4)

9 (5.6)

0.921

 Vomiting

16 (4)

9 (3.7)

7 (4.4)

0.748

 Anorexia

13 (3.2)

9 (3.7)

4 (2.5)

0.494

 Chest pain

3 (0.7)

2 (0.8)

1 (0.6)

0.816

 Abdominal pain

4 (1)

3 (1.2)

1 (0.6)

0.541

 Sputum production

30 (7.5)

13 (5.4)

1 (0.6)

0.051

 Anosmia

19 (4.7)

13 (5.4)

6 (3.8)

0.448

 Hyposmia

3 (0.7)

2 (0.8)

1 (0.6)

0.816

 Sweating

2 (0.5)

2 (0.8)

0

0.248

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

59 (14.7)

26 (10.8)

33 (20.6)

0.006

 Hyperglycaemia

40 (10)

20 (8.3)

20 (12.5)

0.169

 Chronic kidney disease

1 (0.2)

1 (0.4)

0

0.415

 Chronic heart disease

11 (2.7)

4 (1.7)

7 (4.4)

0.103

 Chronic lung disease

15 (3.7)

9 (3.7)

6 (3.8)

0.994

Obesity

  Class I

34 (8.5)

16 (6.6)

18 (11.3)

0.220

  Class II

10 (2.5)

5 (2.1)

5 (3.1)

–

  Class III

2 (0.5)

2 (0.8)

0

–

  Not obese

355 (88.5)

218 (90.5)

137 (85.6)

–

Smoking

  Non-smoker

366 (91.3)

216 (89.6)

150 (93.8)

0.349

  Smoker

27 (6.7)

19 (7.9)

8 (5)

–

No. of cigarettes per day

 10–15 cigarettes per day

11 (40.7)

9 (47.3)

2 (25)

–

 20 cigarettes per day

13 (48.1)

8 (42.1)

5 (62.5)

–

 30–40 cigarettes per day

3 (11.1)

2 (10.5)

1 (12.5)

–

 Former smoker

8 (2)

6 (2.5)

2 (1.3)

–

 Dyslipidemia

19 (4.7)

8 (3.3)

11 (6.9)

0.101

 Pregnant

1 (0.2)

0

1 (0.6)

0.182

 Immunocompromised status

1 (0.2)

1 (0.4)

0

0.415

Laboratory tests

 White cell count, × 10⁹/L

6.56 (3.7)

6.84 (2.3)

6.14 (5.2)

0.069

 Platelet count, × 10⁹/L

236.7 (75.3)

250.6 (79.3)

215.9 (63.7)

 ≤ 0.001

 Neutrophil count, × 10⁹/L

4.2 (5)

4.0 (4.0)

4.4 (6.2)

0.425

 Lymphocyte count, × 10⁹/L

2.9 (6.1)

2.63 (2.7)

3.3 (9.1)

0.346

 Alanine aminotransferase, U/L

37.29 (28.8)

35.8 (26.2)

39.4 (32.1)

0.399

 Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L

31.1 (20.5)

28.4 (18.6)

34.9 (22.4)

 ≤ 0.001

 C-reactive protein, mg/L

16.99 (32.4)

11.1 (28.4)

28.6 (36.5)

 ≤ 0.001

 D-dimer, mg/L

0.6 (1.6)

0.57 (0.98)

0.69 (2.1)

0.028

 Lactate concentration, mmol/L

1.5 (0.5)

1.5 (0.57)

1.45 (0.5)

0.590

 Ferritin (ng/ml)

290.5 (409.6)

201.6 (275.0)

445.2 (541.2)

 ≤ 0.001

Radiography

 Chest CT

  Abnormal

67 (16.7)

35 (52.2)

32 (47.7)

0.239

  Normal

3 (0.7)

0

3 (100)

 Chest X-ray

  Abnormal

140 (34.9)

73 (52.1)

67 (47.8)

0.101

  Normal

193 (48.1)

118 (61.1)

75 (38.8)

Treatment

 Oxygen inhalation

32 (8)

6 (2.5)

26 (16.3)

 ≤ 0.001

 Amount of oxygen provided (L)

4.03 (2.83)

4.8 (4.4)

3.8 (2.3)

0.746

 Hydroxychloroquine

66 (16.5)

23 (9.5)

43 (26.9)

 ≤ 0.001

 Azithromycin

193 (48.1)

74 (30.7)

119 (74.4)

 ≤ 0.001

 Oseltamivir

134 (33.4)

47 (19.5)

87 (54.4)

 ≤ 0.001

 Vitamin C

18 (4.5)

9 (3.7)

9 (5.6)

0.371

 Vitamin E

17 (4.2)

8 (3.3)

9 (5.6)

0.262

 Ceftriaxone

41 (10.2)

17 (7.1)

24 (15)

0.16

 Enoxaparin

5 (1.2)

1 (0.4)

4 (2.5)

0.085

Prognosis

  Hospitalization

315 (78.6)

185 (76.8)

130 (81.3)

0.074

  Transferred

18 (4.5)

8 (3.3)

10 (6.3)

  Discharged

68 (17)

48 (19.9)

20 (12.5)

Days taken to be SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative, (SD, range)

3.08 (1.9, 1–11)

3.11 (1.9, 1–11)

3.0 (2.0, 1–10)

0.845

Days of hospitalization, (SD, range)

8.3 (6, 1–42)

7.37 (5.5, 1–34)

9.71 (6.5, 1–42)

 ≤ 0.001