Table 2 Dietary intakes of participants across tertiles of Na-to-K ratio: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Variables | Tertile 1 (n = 622) | Tertile 2 (n = 621) | Tertile 3 (n = 621) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Urinary Na-to-K ratio | ||||
 Range | < 1.49 | 1.49–2.37 | > 2.37 |  |
 Median | 1.03 | 1.89 | 3.20 |  |
Energy (kcal/day) | 2236 ± 697 | 2208 ± 678 | 2276 ± 662 | 0.209 |
Fruits (g/day) | 440 ± 352 | 408 ± 338 | 370 ± 304 | 0.001 |
Starched vegetables (g/day) | 26.81 ± 25.32 | 26.89 ± 24.17 | 25.79 ± 21.91 | 0.666 |
Non-starched vegetables (g/day) | 322 ± 200 | 286 ± 164 | 282 ± 166 | < 0.001 |
Refined grains (g/day) | 248 ± 154 | 264 ± 151 | 285 ± 165 | < 0.001 |
Whole grains (g/day) | 137 ± 95.9 | 136 ± 104 | 148 ± 113 | 0.070 |
Poultry (g/day) | 30.62 ± 27.09 | 32.80 ± 40.24 | 29.72 ± 28.82 | 0.231 |
Red meat (g/day) | 20.58 ± 19.40 | 21.46 ± 30.62 | 20.11 ± 17.27 | 0.586 |
Low-fat dairy (g/day) | 261 ± 188 | 235 ± 179 | 228 ± 158 | 0.003 |
High-fat dairy (g/day) | 111 ± 128 | 110 ± 123 | 114 ± 135 | 0.843 |
Hydrogenated and animal fat (g/day) | 14.99 ± 15.46 | 15.63 ± 15.22 | 17.34 ± 17.21 | 0.029 |
Vegetable oil (g/day) | 10.55 ± 26.58 | 9.69 ± 9.60 | 9.00 ± 7.38 | 0.269 |
Nuts and seeds (g/day) | 14.69 ± 23.12 | 11.58 ± 13.65 | 12.04 ± 14.50 | 0.004 |
Beans (g/day) | 41.99 ± 31.50 | 42.74 ± 34.79 | 43.77 ± 36.01 | 0.654 |
Sweets (g/day) | 51.13 ± 88.90 | 48.43 ± 51.33 | 46.59 ± 39.05 | 0.449 |
Salty snacks (g/day) | 16.12 ± 57.38 | 14.46 ± 20.38 | 17.04 ± 22.53 | 0.471 |
Fast foods (g/day) | 15.94 ± 21.74 | 14.71 ± 21.82 | 18.29 ± 33.35 | 0.051 |
Tea and coffee (mL/day) | 586 ± 511 | 580 ± 457 | 575 ± 453 | 0.918 |
Sweetened beverages (mL/day) | 42.39 ± 66.04 | 46.37 ± 90.13 | 47.58 ± 75.44 | 0.471 |