Table 2 The relation between demographic and clinical findings and prolonged recovery period in bivariate analysis, in the enrolled patients, Tehran, Iran, 2020
From: Predictors of the prolonged recovery period in COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study
Variables | Groups | OR (95% CI) Referent | p-value Referent | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovery time ≤ 14 days N (%)* | Recovery time ≥ 15 N (%)* | |||
Gender | ||||
 Male | 161 (60.1%) | 99 (49.5%) | 1.54 (1.06–2.22) | 0.02** |
 Female | 107 (39.9%) | 101 (50.5%) |  |  |
Admission location | ||||
 Outpatient | 94 (35.1%) | 31 (15.5%) | N/A | N/A |
 ICU | 8 (3.0%) | 11 (5.5%) | 4.17 (1.54–11.30) | 0.005** |
 Ward | 166 (61.9%) | 158 (79.0%) | 2.89 (1.82–4.58) | < 0.001** |
Age group (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤ 50 | 117 (49.0%) | 63 (37.1%) | 1.63 (1.09–2.43) | 0.02** |
 > 50 | 122 (51.0%) | 107 (62.9%) |  |  |
O2 saturation % | ||||
 ≥ 93 | 138 (53.1%) | 64 (32.5%) | 2.35 (1.60–3.46) | < 0.001** |
 < 93 | 122 (46.9%) | 133 (67.5%) |  |  |
Pulse rate (beats/min) | ||||
 60–99 | 151 (61.4%) | 108 (55.7%) | 1.27 (0.86–1.86) | 0.23 |
 ≥ 100 | 95 (38.6%) | 86 (44.3%) |  |  |
Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | ||||
 < 25 | 220 (84.0%) | 152 (77.6%) | 1.52 (0.95–2.43) | 0.08** |
 ≥ 25 | 42 (16.0%) | 44 (22.4%) | ||
Temperature (°C) | ||||
 ≤ 37.2 | 116 (43.6%) | 86 (43.7%) | 0.10 (0.69–1.45) | 0.99 |
 ≥ 37.3 | 150 (56.4%) | 111 (56.3%) |  |  |
Coronary artery disease (CAD) | 36 (13.4%) | 36 (18.0%) | 1.42 (0.86–2.34) | 0.18 |
Hypertension | 61 (23.0%) | 70 (35.0%) | 1.80 (1.20–2.71) | 0.005** |
Diabetes mellitus | 61 (22.8%) | 68 (34.0%) | 1.74 (1.16–2.62) | 0.008** |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 17 (6.3%) | 13 (6.5%) | 1.03 (0.49–2.17) | 0.95 |
Immune compromised | 34 (12.7%) | 25 (12.5%) | 0.98 (0.57–1.71) | 0.95 |
Chronic liver disease | 5 (1.9%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0.53 (0.10–2.77) | 0.45 |
Chronic renal failure | 9 (3.4%) | 12 (6.0%) | 1.84 (0.76–4.45) | 0.18 |
Cancer | 22 (8.2%) | 20 (10.1%) | 1.25 (0.66–2.36) | 0.49 |
Pregnancy | 1 (0.4%) | 2 (1.0%) | 2.69 (0.24–29.84) | 0.42 |
Smoking history | 15 (5.6%) | 11 (5.5%) | 0.98 (0.44–2.19) | 0.96 |
Opium history | 3 (1.1%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0.89 (0.15–5.39) | 0.90 |
Dyspnea | 135 (50.4%) | 135 (67.5%) | 2.05 (1.40–2.99) | < 0.001** |
Fever | 143 (53.4%) | 132 (66.0%) | 1.70 (1.16–2.48) | 0.006** |
Headache | 78 (29.1%) | 52 (26.0%) | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | 0.46 |
Sore throat | 47 (17.5%) | 32 (16.0%) | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | 0.66 |
Chills | 128 (47.8%) | 104 (52.0%) | 1.19 (0.82–1.71) | 0.36 |
Sputum | 5 (1.9%) | 10 (5.0) | 2.77 (0.93–8.23) | 0.07** |
Sweating | 46 (17.2%) | 43 (21.5%) | 1.32 (0.83–2.10) | 0.24 |
Myalgia | 151 (56.3%) | 132 (66.0%) | 1.50 (1.03–2.20) | 0.04** |
Runny nose | 18 (6.7%) | 9 (4.5%) | 0.65 (0.29–1.49) | 0.31 |
Cough | 176 (65.7%) | 148 (74.0%) | 1.49 (0.99–2.23) | 0.05** |
Sneezing | 10 (3.7%) | 10 (5.0%) | 1.36 (0.55–3.33) | 0.50 |
Nausea and vomiting | 53 (19.8%) | 62 (31.0%) | 1.82 (1.19–2.79) | 0.006** |
Diarrhea | 30 (11.2%) | 20 (10.0%) | 0.88 (0.49–1.60) | 0.68 |
Stomach ache | 26 (9.7%) | 18 (9.0%) | 0.92 (0.49–1.73) | 0.80 |
Hemoptysis | 4 (1.5%) | 13 (6.5%) | 4.59 (1.47–14.29) | 0.009** |
Chest pain | 65 (24.3%) | 57 (28.5%) | 1.25 (0.82–1.89) | 0.30 |
Vertigo | 35 (13.1%) | 16 (8.0%) | 0.58 (0.31–1.08) | 0.09** |
Dizziness | 29 (10.8%) | 19 (9.5%) | 0.87 (0.47–1.59) | 0.64 |
Joint pain | 33 (12.3%) | 42 (21.0%) | 1.89 (1.15–3.12) | 0.01** |
Generalized weakness | 109 (40.7%) | 100 (50.0%) | 1.46 (1.01–2.11) | 0.05** |
Sleep disorder | 18 (6.7%) | 11 (5.5%) | 0.81 (0.37–1.75) | 0.59 |
Anosmia | 33 (12.3%) | 27 (13.5%) | 1.11 (0.64–1.92) | 0.70 |
Ageusia and dysgeusia | 24 (9.0) | 24 (12.0) | 1.39 (0.76–2.52) | 0.28 |
Intubated | 9 (3.4%) | 47 (23.5%) | 8.84 (4.22–18.54) | < 0.001** |
Corticosteroids | 17 (6.3%) | 36 (18.0%) | 3.24 (1.76–5.96) | < 0.001** |
Hydroxychloroquine | 167 (95.9%) | 168 (99.4%) | 7.042 (0.85–57.86) | 0.069 |
Lopinavir/ritonavir (kaletra) | 34 (19.5%) | 36 (21.3%) | 1.115 (0.65–1.88) | 0.686 |
Atazanavir | 119 (68.4%) | 128 (75.7%) | 1.443 (0.89–2.32) | 0.130 |