Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with paraproteinemia and renal damage

Male [n (%)]

25 (59.5)

9 (64.3)

12 (63.2)

8 (38.1)

Age (year)

57.0  ±  10.6

57.0  ±  7.0

53.2  ±  11.5

43.3  ±  15.9^c,e,f

Renal disease duration before renal biopsy (months)

11.0  ±  11.1

6.3  ±  8.1

21.1  ±  44.1

26.8  ±  57.5

Hematuria [n (%)]

12 (27.9)

2 (15.4)^d

10 (52.6)

12 (57.1)^c,e

Proteinuria (g/24 h)

3.9  ±  2.7

3.3  ±  2.6

2.8  ±  2.6

1.8  ±  2.3^c

Albumin (g/L)

27.7  ±  7.0^a,b,c

36.6  ±  6.8

32.7  ±  7.4

35.3  ±  7.1

Hemoglobin (g/L)

113.6  ±  21.3

99.9  ±  16.7^a,d,e

131.2  ±  16.3^b

122.9  ±  19.6

SCr (μmol/L)

160.2  ±  205.8

359.1  ±  385.4^a,d,e

102.6  ±  103.5

104.1  ±  60.2

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

68.9  ±  39.7

45.3  ±  43.6^a,d,e

77.7  ±  25.4

75.3  ±  34.9

Low serum C3 [n (%)]

15 (35.7)

3 (21.4)

1 (5.3)^b,f

7 (33.3)

Abnornal serum κ/λ ratio [n (%)]

19 (45.2)

11 (78.6)^a,d

8 (42.1)

0 (0)^c,e,f

Abnormal urine κ/λ ratio [n (%)]

17 (42.5)

13 (92.9)^a,d

5 (29.4)

0 (0)^c,e,f

Abnormal sIFE [n (%)]

25 (61.0)^a,b

13 (92.9)

19 (100)

0 (0)^c,e,f

Abnormal uIFE [n (%)]

23 (76.7)

12 (85.7)

8 (53.3)

0 (0)^c,e,f

κ sIFE, [n (%)]

9 (37.5)

7 (53.8)

11 (57.9)

0 (0)

κ uIFE, [n (%)]

5 (22.7)

6 (50.0)

4 (50.0)

0 (0)

Renal monotypic κ [n (%)]

16 (40.0)

7 (53.8)

0 (0)^b,d

0 (0)^c,e,f

Global glomerulosclerosis (%)

16.7  ±  18.0

17.9  ±  24.3

13.3  ±  10.1

15.1  ±  16.0

Segmental glomerulosclerosis (%)

0.8  ±  3.7

1.1  ±  1.9

1.2  ±  3.0

1.5  ±  2.9

Crescents (%)

4.1  ±  14.4

2.2  ±  3.8^e

4.1  ±  7.6

13.3  ±  2.9

IFTA

1.29  ±  0.84

2.0  ±  1.18^a,d

1.05  ±  0.71

1.29  ±  0.90

Interstitial inflammation

1.20  ±  0.90

2.00  ±  1.17^a,d

1.11  ±  0.81

1.52  ±  1.03