Table 1 Patients characteristics and clinical data

Demographics

 Age, years

55.74 ± 15.25 (15–108)

56.57 ± 15.18 (15–108)

43.17 ± 9.35 (17–65)

  Distribution

   0–10 years

12 (0.8)

12 (0.9)

0

   11–20 years

11 (0.7)

9 (0.6)

2 (2.2)

   21–30 years

49 (3.3)

44 (3.2)

4 (4.3)

   31–40 years

182 (12.2)

153 (11)

29 (31.5)

   41–50 years

302 (20.3)

262 (18.9)

37 (40.2)

   51–60 years

360 (24.1)

344 (24.8)

15 (16.3)

   61–70 years

294 (19.7)

287 (20.7)

5 (5.4)

   71–80 years

168 (11.3)

167 (12)

0

   81–90 years

66 (4.4)

64 (4.6)

0

   ≥ 90 years

15 (1)

15 (1.1)

0

 Height, meters

1.65 ± 8.8 (1.29–1.98)

1.65 ± 8.6 (1.29–1.95)

1.69 ± 10 (1.45–1.98)

 Weight, kilograms

82.4 ± 17.98 (36–177)

81.86 ± 17.73 (36–177)

91.68 ± 19.43 (51.4–170)

 BMI, kg/m²

28.69 ± 7.03 (23.84–46.1)

30.01 ± 6.74 (14.61–78.7)

32.22 ± 7.11 (21.96–66.41)

  Distribution

  Underweight

6 (0.4)

6 (0.4)

0

  Normal

334 (22.4)

316 (22.8)

14 (15.2)

  Overweight

426 (28.6)

402 (28.9)

22 (23.9)

  Obese

376 (25.2)

347 (25)

27 (29.3)

  Extremely obese

246 (16.5)

218 (15.7)

27 (29.3)

 Gender

  Male

1,099 (73.7)

1,019 (73.4)

73 (79.3)

  Female

388 (26)

367 (26.4)

18 (19.6)

 Was patient a national?

  Saudi

742 (49.8)

695 (50)

43 (46.7)

  Non-Saudi

745 (50)

690 (49.7)

49 (53.3)

 Nationality

  Indian

94 (6.3)

84 (6)

7 (7.6)

  Pakistani

88 (5.9)

82 (5.9)

6 (6.5)

  Bengali

109 (7.3)

108 (7.8)

1 (1.1)

  Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

4 (0.3)

4 (0.3)

0

  Yemeni

79 (5.3)

71 (5.1)

7 (7.6)

  Sudanese

32 (2.1)

31 (2.2)

0

  Filipino

56 (3.8)

54 (3.9)

2 (2.2)

  Palestinian

15 (1)

14 (1)

1 (1.1)

  Egyptian

52 (3.5)

41 (3)

11 (12)

  Jordanian

13 (0.9)

13 (0.9)

0

  Syrian

27 (1.8)

24 (1.7)

3 (3.3)

  Afghani

6 (0.4)

5 (0.4)

1 (1.1)

  Lebanese

4 (0.3)

1 (0.1)

2 (2.2)

  Myanmar

20 (1.3)

20 (1.4)

0

  Nepalese

4 (0.3)

2 (0.1)

2 (2.2)

  Mauritian

2 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

0

  Chadian

7 (0.5)

6 (0.4)

1 (1.1)

  Senegalese

7 (0.5)

7 (0.5)

0

  Eritrean

6 (0.4)

6 (0.4)

0

  Seychellean

2 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

0

  Indonesian

3 (0.2)

3 (0.2)

0

  Sri Lankan

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

0

  Ethiopian

4 (0.3)

4 (0.3)

0

  Canadian/US

6 (0.4)

6 (0.4)

0

  Turkish

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

0

  Singaporean

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

0

  Serbian

3 (0.2)

3 (0.2)

0

 For non-Saudis, patient’s entry into Saudi was

  Legal

664 (44.5)

619 (44.5)

43 (46.7)

  Illegal

23 (1.5)

21 (1.5)

1 (1.1)

 Source of transmission

  Case travelled outside Saudi

8 (0.5)

8 (0.5)

0

  Case was in close contact with a person with fever and/or cough

344 (23.1)

321 (23.1)

22 (23.9)

  Case attended an event where a large number of people (i.e., wedding and umrah)

41 (2.7)

39 (2.8)

2 (2.2)

  Nosocomial infection (admitted with another diagnosis then transmitted COVID-19)

65 (4.4)

60 (4.3)

3 (3.3)

  No clear data on COVID-19 source

808 (54.2)

749 (53.9)

55 (59.8)

 Occupation

  Healthcare worker

74 (5)

65 (4.7)

9 (9.8)

  Non-healthcare worker

1,383 (92.8)

1,294 (93.2)

81 (88)

 Smoking status

  Current smoker

86 (5.8)

80 (5.8)

5 (5.4)

  Not a smoker

1113 (74.6)

1,063 (76.5)

45 (48.9)

 Hospital or medical facility

  King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre-Riyadh

111 (7.4)

109 (7.8)

2 (2.2)

  King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre-Jeddah

1 (0.1)

0

1 (1.1)

  National Guard Hospital-Riyadh

1 (0.1)

0

1 (1.1)

  Armed Forces Hospital-Riyadh

280 (18.8)

279 (20.1)

1 (1.1)

  Habib Medical Group Qassim Hospital-Qassim

24 (1.6)

24 (1.7)

0

  Habib Medical Group Rayan Hospital-Riyadh

241 (16.2)

239 (17.2)

0

  Habib Medical Group Takhassusi Hospital-Riyadh

18 (1.2)

18 (1.3)

0

  Habib Medical Group Olaya Hospital-Riyadh

80 (5.4)

78 (5.6)

0

  Habib Medical Group Suwaidi Hospital-Riyadh

56 (3.8)

56 (4)

0

  King Fahd Hospital of the University-Dammam

97 (6.5)

97 (7)

0

  King Saud Medical City-Riyadh

229 (15.4)

213 (15.3)

16 (17.4)

  Qatif Central Hospital-Qatif

10 (0.7)

10 (0.7)

0

  Abha Central Hospital-Asir

4 (0.3)

0

4 (4.3)

  King Fahd Hospital-Madinah

37 (2.5)

36 (2.6)

1 (1.1)

  Ohud Hospital-Madinah

20 (1.3)

20 (1.4)

0

  King Abdulaziz Hospital-Makkah

11 (0.7)

11 (0.8)

0

  King Abdullah Medical Complex-Jeddah

77 (5.2)

41 (3)

36 (39.1)

  King Fahad Medical City-Riyadh

10 (0.7)

0

10 (10.9)

  King Abdullah Medical City Specialist Hospital-Makkah

71 (4.8)

56 (4)

13 (14.1)

  King Fahad General Hospital-Jeddah

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

0

  King Abdulaziz University Hospital-Jeddah

105 (7)

101 (7.3)

0

  King Khalid Hospital-Najran

7 (0.5)

0

7 (7.6)

 Hospital admission source

  Home

1,254 (84.1)

1,214 (87.4)

31 (33.7)

  Nursing home

3 (0.2)

2 (0.1)

1 (1.1)

  Transfer from other facility

226 (15.2)

165 (11.9)

60 (65.2)

  Other

3 (0.2)

3 (0.2)

0

Comorbidities

 Diabetes

776 (52)

735 (52.9)

35 (38)

 Hypertension

678 (45.5)

647 (46.6)

25 (27.2)

 Ischemic heart disease

184 (12.3)

179 (12.9)

4 (4.3)

 Heart failure

74 (5)

66 (4.8)

5 (5.4)

 Chronic lung disease

39 (2.6)

36 (2.6)

3 (3.3)

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

26 (1.7)

25 (1.8)

1 (1.1)

 Bronchial asthma

131 (8.8)

124 (8.9)

7 (7.6)

 Chronic liver disease

24 (1.6)

22 (1.6)

2 (2.2)

 Hemoglobinopathy

5 (0.3)

5 (0.4)

0

 Chronic kidney disease

123 (8.2)

115 (8.3)

5 (5.4)

 Renal replacement therapy (dialysis)

54 (3.6)

51 (3.7)

2 (2.2)

 Post solid organ/bone marrow transplant

29 (1.9)

26 (1.9)

3 (3.3)

 Immunocompromised status

73 (4.9)

68 (4.9)

5 (5.4)

 Chronic hematologic disease

12 (0.8)

12 (0.9)

0

 HIV/AIDS

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

0

 Cancer

48 (3.2)

45 (3.2)

2 (2.2)

 Recent surgery (within 30 days)

30 (2)

26 (1.9)

4 (4.3)

 Dyslipidemia

59 (4)

59 (4.2)

0

 Stroke

49 (3.3)

49 (3.5)

0

 Pregnant

22 (1.47)

16 (1.1)

6 (6.5)

Symptoms on admission day to hospital

 Asymptomatic

36 (2.4)

31 (2.2)

5 (5.4)

 Shortness of breath

1,216 (81.6)

1,140 (82.1)

69 (75)

 Runny nose

102 (6.8)

101 (7.3)

0

 Diarrhea or vomiting

263 (17.6)

253 (18.2)

7 (7.6)

 Fever

1,100 (73.8)

1,029 (74.1)

63 (68.5)

 Confusion

198 (13.3)

189 (13.6)

7 (7.6)

 Cough

972 (65.2)

906 (65.2)

59 (64.1)

 Abdominal pain

101 (6.8)

98 (7)

2 (2.2)

 Chest pain

145 (9.7)

140 (10.1)

5 (5.4)

 Seizures

17 (1.1)

17 (1.2)

0

 Headache

175 (11.7)

172 (12.4)

3 (3.3)

 Joint pain

115 (7.7)

115 (8.3)

0

 Muscle pain

180 (12.1)

174 (12.5)

5 (5.4)

 Fatigue

279 (18.7)

269 (19.4)

10 (10.8)

 Sore throat

230 (15.4)

225 (16.2)

5 (5.4)

 Anorexia

40 (2.7)

40 (2.9)

0

 Loss of taste or smell

13 (0.9)

13 (0.9)

0

 Dizziness

8 (0.5)

8 (0.6)

0

 If yes to cough, what is the type

  Dry

498 (33.4)

477 (34.3)

20 (21.7)

  Wet

118 (7.9)

115 (8.3)

3 (3.3)

  Bloody sputum

6 (0.4)

5 (0.3)

1 (1.1)

 Pre-hospital medications (home medications)

  Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)

109 (7.3)

108 (7.8)

1 (1.1)

  Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

122 (8.2)

120 (8.6)

2 (2.2)

  Beta blockers

147 (9.8)

142 (10.2)

4 (4.3)

  Calcium channel blockers

166 (11.1)

163 (11.7)

3 (3.3)

  Diuretics

58 (3.9)

56 (4)

2 (2.2)

  Anticoagulation

43 (2.9)

41 (3)

2 (2.2)

  Type of anticoagulants

   Warfarin

13 (0.9)

13 (0.9)

0

   Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs)

11 (0.7)

11 (0.8)

0

   Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)

15 (1)

14 (1)

1 (1.1)

  Antiplatelet

228 (15.3)

224 (16.1)

4 (4.3)

Type of antiplatelets

   Aspirin

203 (13.6)

199 (14.3)

4 (4.3)

   Clopidogrel

78 (5.2)

75 (5.4)

3 (3.3)

   Ticagrelor

5 (0.3)

5 (0.4)

0

   Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

57 (3.8)

56 (4)

0

  Insulin therapy

243 (16.3)

233 (16.8)

7 (7.6)

  Corticosteroids

46 (3.1)

42 (3)

4 (4.3)

  Prednisolone

35 (2.3)

32 (2.3)

3 (3.3)

  Hydrocortisone

3 (0.2)

2 (0.1)

1 (1.1)

  Dexamethasone

6 (0.4)

6 (0.4)

0

  Prednisolone and fludrocortisone

1 (0.07)

1 (0.1)

0

  Chemotherapy currently (in the last 3 months)

13 (0.9)

13 (0.9)

0

  Immunotherapy (i.e., calcineurin inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, thymoglobulin, and anti-proliferative

36 (2.4)

34 (2.4)

2 (2.2)

Radiographic findings for patients on hospital admission

 Chest X-ray was done

1186 (79.5)

1,145 (82.4)

33 (35.9)

 Was chest X-ray consolidation present or absent on hospital admission?

  Present

1,044 (70)

1011 (72.8)

27 (29.3)

  Absent

129 (8.7)

121 (8.7)

6 (6.5)

 X-ray chest radiography shown

  Unilateral abnormality

72 (4.8)

70 (5)

2 (2.2)

  Bilateral abnormality

967 (64.9)

936 (67.4)

25 (27.2)

Laboratory data for patients on hospital admission

 Blood group

  A + 

249 (16.7)

226 (16.3)

22 (23.9)

  A−

29 (1.9)

27 (1.9)

2 (2.2)

  B + 

157 (10.5)

142 (10.2)

15 (16.3)

  B−

13 (0.9)

12 (0.9)

1 (1.1)

  AB + 

44 (3)

35 (2.5)

9 (9.8)

  AB-

6 (0.4)

6 (0.4)

0

  O + 

307 (20.6)

284 (20.4)

20 (21.7)

  O−

31 (2.1)

29 (2.1)

2 (2.2)

 Lipase level, U/l

584.3 ± 3,441.9 (1–29,654)

658.6 ± 3,691.4 (1–29,654)

91.2 ± 99.5 (11–363)

 Triglycerides, mg/dl

227 ± 295.5 (0.7–3,464)

227 ± 301 (0.7–3,464)

258 ± 126 (129–531)

 HbA1C, %

7.95 ± 2.3 (4.3–16.3)

7.96 ± 2.3 (4.3–16.3)

7 ± (5.1–9.2)

 Hemoglobin level, g/dl

12.5 ± 2.6 (1.2–42.3)

12.6 ± 2.6 (1.2–42.3)

11.4 ± (7.5–17.4)

 White blood cell count, × 10⁹/L

11.21 ± 37.5 (0.62–1,036)

10.4 ± 25.8 (0.6–878)

12.4 ± (2.6–39.6)

 Lymphocyte absolute count, × 10⁹/L

6.75 ± 123.4 (0.06–3,830)

7 ± 126.4 (0.06–3,830)

1.9 ± (0.09–15.3)

 Absolute neutrophil count, × 10⁹/L

11.6 ± 69 (0.1–2,024)

11.2 ± 70.4 (0.1–2,024)

21 ± (1.7–94.4)

 Platelets, × 10⁹/L

232.3 ± 103.9 (3.13–831)

233.3 ± 103.6 (3.1–831)

206.4 ± (5–401)

 Activated partial thromboplastin time, seconds

39.6 ± 26.9 (10.5–489)

39.5 ± 27.1 (10.5–489)

43.1 ± (16.3–160)

 Prothrombin time, seconds

15.4 ± 12 (1.14–178)

15.5 ± 12.3 (1.1–178)

13.6 ± (8.8–29)

 Fibrinogen, mg/dl

60.7 ± 211.8 (0.92–1028)

66.3 ± 221.5 (1–1,028)

5 ± (0.9–9.8)

 Aspartate transaminase, U/l

93.1 ± 250.3 (2.3–5156)

87.9 ± 233 (2.3–5,156)

177.1 ± (6.3–2,790)

 Alanine transaminase, U/l

68.9 ± 170.3 (3.4–3097)

65.8 ± 153.8 (3.4–3097)

136.1 ± (5–2,501)

 Bilirubin, mg/dl

14.6 ± 25 (0.4–468)

13.9 ± 20.9 (0.86–430)

27 ± (0.4–468)

 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/hour

51.4 ± 69 (1–1221.6)

50.9 ± 70.4 (1–1221.6)

59.6 ± (1–157)

 Creatinine, mg/dl

145.4 ± 280.3 (1.6–7606)

144.3 ± 283.7 (1.6–7606)

157.1 ± (29–1,038)

 Lactate, mmol/l

16.4 ± 99.9 (0.4–1964)

17.2 ± 103 (0.4–1964)

2.3 ± (0.4–10.8)

 Procalcitonin, ng/ml

7.5 ± 46.3 (0.03–540)

6.2 ± 40.7 (0.03–540)

55.5 ± (0.1–387)

 Lactate dehydrogenase, U/l

530.1 ± 468.5 (12.7–5541)

515.1 ± 439.1 (12.7–5541)

817.6 ± (14.3–5040)

 C-reactive protein, mg/L

139.2 ± 218.2 (0.01–2761.3)

140.6 ± 219.9 (0.2–2761)

89.5 ± (0.01–675)

 Troponin I, ng/ml

24.3 ± 421.4 (0.001–8727)

4.2 ± 26.4 (0.001–253.6)

515.3 ± (0.01–8727)

 Troponin T, ng/ml

9.5 ± 38.1 (0.002–539)

9.4 ± 38.5 (0.002–539)

16.5 ± (0.05–65)

 High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T test (hs-cTnT), ng/l

25.8 ± 37.3 (0.01–115)

30.5 ± 39.5 (0.01–115)

2.4 ± (0.7–4.1)

 Creatine kinase, U/l

489.3 ± 950.6 (0.01–11,535)

459.2 ± 880.2 (0.01–11,535)

867.4 ± (11.4–8270)

 D-dimer, mg/l

14.9 ± 114.3 (0.046–2520)

14.1 ± 114.9 (0.05–2520)

32.4 ± (0.4–639)

 Ferritin, µg/L

1,413.5 ± 3504.3 (0.33–64165)

1393.1 ± 3509.2 (0.33–64,165)

2058.1 ± (50–14,094)

 NT-proBNP, (pg/ml)

2026.5 ± 5229.4 (1.9–35,000)

2013.2 ± 5239.1 (1.9–35,000)

1044.3 ± (109–2448)

 BNP, (pg/ml)

1191.7 ± 2082 (19–9675)

1400 ± 2218.4 (38–9675)

99.2 ± (19–393)

Microbiological testing for patients on hospital admission

 Viral PCR was done

377 (25.3)

358 (25.8)

18 (19.6)

  PCR was negative

128 (8.6)

116 (8.4)

12 (13)

 Atypical pneumonia PCR was done

28 (1.8)

22 (1.6)

3 (3.3)

  PCR was negative

27 (1.7)

24 (1.7)

3 (3.3)

  Legionella Pneumophila, positive

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

0

 MERS-CoV PCR was done

68 (4.6)

63 (4.5)

5 (5.4)

  PCR was negative

59 (4)

54 (3.9)

5 (5.4)

  PCR was positive

8 (0.5)

8 (0.6)

0

Testing and specimen collection for SARS-CoV-2

 Nasopharyngeal swab

1380 (92.6)

1298 (93.4)

72 (78.3)

 Sputum and tracheal aspirate

32 (2.1)

28 (2)

4 (4.3)

 Bronchoalveolar lavage

9 (0.6)

8 (0.6)

1 (1.1)

Days of symptoms before hospital admission

 Less than 3 days

268 (18)

251 (18.1)

14 (15.2)

 3–5 days

516 (34.6)

499 (35.9)

15 (16.3)

 6–8 days

225 (15.1)

215 (15.4)

9 (9.7)

 More than 8 days

184 (12.3)

171 (12.3)

11 (11.9)

 Unknown

260 (17.4)

219 (15.7)

41 (44.5)