Table 1 Overview of clinical features of newly diagnosed anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis patients with a long-term history of mental disorders
No. | Age/sex | Initial visit | Psychiatric history (years) | Malignancies | CNS symptoms | NMDA receptor IgG | Neuroimaging | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 28/M | Psychiatry clinic | Major depressive disorder (12) | No | Fever, confusion, abnormal behaviors, catatonia, rigidity, seizures, speech impairment, agitation, tachycardia and anorexia | Serum: (−) | CT: no significant abnormality | Our case |
CSF: (1:1) | ||||||||
2 | 52/F | Psychiatry clinic | Major depressive disorder (6) | Cervical cancer | Confusion, delusions, hallucinations, abnormal behaviors, speech impairment, and exacerbated depressed mood | Serum: ns | MRI: several small ischemic foci in frontal lobes | Rong et al. [7] |
CSF(1:100) | ||||||||
3 | 52/M | Psychiatry clinic | Major depressive disorder (22) | No | Fever, seizures, insomnia, hallucinations, abnormal behaviors, poor cognition, speech impairment, tachycardia, hypopiesia and exacerbated depressed mood | Serum: (+) | MRI: no significant abnormality | Torgovnick et al. [8] |
CSF: (+) | ||||||||
4 | 19/F | ns | Depressive disorders (1) | No | Headache, delusions, rigidity, insomnia, catatonia, papilledema, apathy and anorexia | Serum: ns | MRI: dural thickening and meningeal contrast enhancement | Caglayan et al. [9] |
CSF: (1:100) | ||||||||
5 | 34/F | Psychiatry clinic | Bipolar disorder (10) | No | Fever, abnormal behaviors, speech impairment, catatonia, hallucinations, seizure, tachycardia, impaired memory, and orofacial dyskinesia | Serum: (+) | MRI: no significant abnormality | Simabukuro et al. [10] |
CSF: (+) | ||||||||
6 | 52/F | Emergency | Bipolar disorder (8) | No | Speech impairment, rigidity, catatonia, urinary incontinence, apathy, ataxia, and dyskinesia | Serum: ns | MRI: frontoparietal cortical atrophy | Hanagasi et al. [11] |
CSF: (+) | ||||||||
7 | 47/F | Psychiatry clinic | Bipolar disorder (4) | No | Aggression, catatonia, violence, anorexia, altered consciousness, stupor, and negativism | Serum: ns | MRI: no significant abnormality | Yoshimura et al. [12] |
CSF: (+) | ||||||||
8 | 48/F | ns | Schizoaffective disorder (19) | No | Confusion, hallucinations, catatonia, abnormal behaviors, excitement, negativism, and stupor | Serum: ns | MRI: no significant abnormality | Yoshimura et al. [12] |
CSF: (+) | ||||||||
9 | 38/F | Psychiatry clinic | Schizoaffective disorder (14) | No | Fever, confusion, speech impairment, hallucinations, seizures, insomnia, catatonia, memory impairment, agitation, and impaired attention | Serum: (+) | MRI: no significant abnormality | Heekin et al. [13] |
CSF: ns | ||||||||
10 | 25/F | Psychiatry clinic | Schizophrenia (7) | No | Confusion, rigidity, insomnia, abnormal behaviors, speech impairment, delusions, dyskinesia, aggressiveness, and memory impairment | Serum: ns | MRI: a small ischemic focus in the frontal lobe | Huang et al. [14] |
CSF: (+) | ||||||||
11 | 25/F | Psychiatry clinic | Schizophrenia (4) | No | Fever, tachycardia, abnormal behaviors, speech impairment, catatonia, agitation, rigidity, rhythmic orofacial grimacing, and autonomic instability | Serum: (1:640) | MRI: no significant abnormality | Conroy et al. [15] |
CSF: (1:160) | ||||||||
12 | 33/M | Emergency | Schizophrenia (6) | No | Headache, rigidity, abnormal behaviors, speech impairment, catatonia, seizures, hallucinations, delusions, insomnia, psychomotor agitation, catatonic symptoms, and memory deficits | Serum: ns | MRI: no new changes compared with previous lesions | Ponte et al. [16] |
CSF: (+) | ||||||||
13 | 16/F | Psychiatry clinic | Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (4) | No | Confusion, abnormal behaviors, speech impairment, tachycardia, perceptual disturbances, and left facial droop | Serum: (1:10) | MRI: no significant abnormality | Fields et al. [17] |
CSF: (1:5) | ||||||||
14 | 23/F | ns | Autism spectrum disorder (20) | Ovarian teratoma | Aggressiveness, dyskinesia and altered consciousness | Serum: (+) | MRI: no significant abnormality | Kurita et al. [18] |
CSF: (+) |