Table 2 Immunotherapy, follow-up, and outcomes of newly diagnosed anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis patients with a long-term history of mental disorders

1

First-line therapy

None

None

Died

Our case

 Intravenous immunoglobulin (25 g daily for 5 days) and methylprednisolone (250 mg daily for 5 days)

2

First-line therapy

ns

At the 2-month follow-up, her mood state, appetite and sleep were satisfactory. No abnormalities in cognition or behavior were found

Improvement

Rong et al. [7]

 Intravenous immunoglobulin (20 g daily for 5 days) and methylprednisolone (1000 mg daily for 5 days)

3

ns

ns

ns

Lost to follow-up

Torgovnick et al. [8]

4

First-line therapy

ns

ns

Improvement

Caglayan et al. [9]

 Intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg/day for 5 days) and methylprednisolone (500 mg daily for 5 days)

Second-line therapy

 Rituximab (100 mg/week)

5

First-line therapy

ns

At the 12-month follow-up, a significant recovery was obvious: she was able to drive and care for her kids. No further immunotherapy was required

Improvement

Simabukuro et al. [10]

 Plasmapheresis (6 sessions was conducted on alternating days)

6

First-line therapy

ns

Her mental status and speech function improved and she was able to walk with assistance

Improvement

Hanagasi et al. [11]

 Intravenous immunoglobulin (1 g/kg for 5 days) and methylprednisolone (0.4 g/kg)

7

No use

ns

At the 14-month follow-up, complete recovery of patient's catatonia with the presence of suspiciousness and mild mood swing

Improvement

Yoshimura et al. [12]

8

No use

ns

The patient's symptoms gradually resolved

Improvement

Yoshimura et al [12]

9

First-line therapy

The patient was discharged on prednisone 60 mg daily and was tapered off over the course of a year

At the 8-month follow-up, the patient's cognition returned to pre-morbid levels. At the 1-year follow-up, the patient's cognition was normal and there was no psychiatric or neurological return

Improvement

Heekin et al. [13]

 Intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg/day for 5 days) and methylprednisolone (1000 mg daily for 5 days and a second course with 1000 mg daily for 5 days)

10

First-line therapy

Two 5-day courses of intravenous immunoglobulin (25 g/day) were given 3 weeks and 3 months following the initial treatment course

At the 10-month follow-up, the patient recovered well and performed well on self-care and neuropsychological tests

Improvement

Huang et al. [14]

 Intravenous immunoglobulin (22.5 g/day for 5 days)

11

First-line therapy

ns

Significant improvement in psychiatric symptoms, social functioning, emotional reactions, and memory functioning

Improvement

Conroy et al. [15]

 Intravenous immunoglobulin (ns)

Second-line therapy

 Cyclophosphamide (750 mg per square meter, each time) for a total of two times

Rituximab (375 mg per square meter, each time) for a total of four times

12

First-line therapy

ns

At the three year follow-up, the patient's neurological examination was normal, with significant improvement in neuropsychological assessment

Improvement

Ponte et al. [16]

 Methylprednisolone (1000 mg daily for 5 days) and Intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg/d for 5 days)

 Prednisolone (60 mg/day for 20 days, then switched to 50 mg/day for 36 days)

Second-line therapy

 Cyclophosphamide (monthly treatments)

13

First-line therapy

The patient received her fourth dose of rituximab in the week following her discharge and has recovered fully since then

The patient received close neuropsychiatric follow-up and remained in a sound mood, sleeping well, without any signs of panic attacks or perceptual disturbances

Improvement

Fields et al. [17]

 Intravenous immunoglobulin (5 days)

Second-line therapy

 Rituximab (once a week for three times)

14

No use

ns

The patient's aggression improved with no obvious subsequent complications

Improvement

Kurita et al. [18]