Table 1 Baseline characteristics, treatments during hospitalization, and outcome
From: Peak value of serum KL-6 may be useful for predicting poor prognosis of severe COVID-19 patients
Characteristics | Total N = 147 | Good prognosis group N = 108 | Poor prognosis group N = 39 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Men, N | 105 (71%) | 78 (72%) | 27 (69%) | 0.84 |
Age (years) | 73 [61–79] | 69 [57–77] | 79 [71–84] | < 0.001 |
Asian, N | 147 (100%) | 108 (100%) | 39 (100%) | |
SOFA score at admission | 5 [3–8] | 4 [3–7] | 7 [6–11] | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 [21.3–25.7] | 23.5 [21.5–26.2] | 22.9 [20.3–25.3] | 0.58 |
Smoking history, N | ||||
None | 48 (33%) | 37 (34%) | 11 (28%) | |
Past | 65 (44%) | 44 (41%) | 21 (54%) | |
Current | 12 (8.2%) | 11 (10%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0.18 |
Comorbidities, N | ||||
Hypertension | 83 (57%) | 61 (57%) | 22 (56%) | > 0.99 |
Diabetes mellitus | 58 (40%) | 37 (34%) | 21 (54%) | 0.037 |
Hyperlipidemia | 49 (33%) | 33 (31%) | 16 (41%) | 0.24 |
Cardiovascular disease | 30 (20%) | 20 (19%) | 10 (26%) | 0.36 |
COPD | 17 (12%) | 10 (9.3%) | 7 (18%) | 0.15 |
CKD | 30 (20%) | 18 (17%) | 12 (31%) | 0.068 |
Previous cancer | 20 (14%) | 14 (13%) | 6 (15%) | 0.79 |
Autoimmune disease | 9 (6.1%) | 6 (5.6%) | 3 (7.7%) | 0.70 |
Steroid user | 5 (3.4%) | 2 (1.9%) | 3 (7.7%) | 0.12 |
Treatment, N | ||||
Favipiravir | 70 (51%) | 48 (44%) | 22 (56%) | 0.26 |
Remdesivir | 88 (60%) | 66 (61%) | 22 (56%) | 0.70 |
Glucocorticoids | 141 (96%) | 103 (95%) | 38 (97%) | > 0.99 |
Tocilizumab | 115 (78%) | 82 (76%) | 33 (85%) | 0.37 |
Nafamostat | 114 (78%) | 81 (75%) | 33 (85%) | 0.27 |
Unfractionated heparin | 115 (78%) | 80 (74%) | 35 (90%) | 0.044 |
Organ support therapy | ||||
Supplemental oxygen or high-flow therapy | 39 (28%) | 41 (38%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001 |
IMV | 105 (71%) | 67 (62%) | 38 (97%) | < 0.001 |
Hemodialysis | 30 (20%) | 11 (10%) | 19 (49%) | < 0.001 |
Time (days) | ||||
Onset to admission | 7 [4–9] | 7 [4–9] | 7 [3–9] | 0.65 |
Onset to IMV | 8 [6–10] | 8 [6–10] | 8 [6–10] | 0.67 |
Hospital day | 16 [9–27] | 14 [8–22] | 25 [15–35] | < 0.001 |
Outcome, N | ||||
Discharge | 27 (18%) | 27 (25%) | 0 (0%) | |
Transfer to hospital | 86 (59%) | 79 (73%) | 7 (18%) | |
Death | 34 (23%) | 2 (2%) | 32 (82%) | |
Number of KL-6 values | ||||
2 | 15 (10%) | 13 (12%) | 2 (5%) | |
3 | 8 (5%) | 8 (7%) | 0 (0%) | |
≥ 4 | 121 (82%) | 84 (78%) | 37 (95%) | |
Median | 13 | 10 | 20 | |