From: SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence around the world: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors (years) (R) | Country/WHO Regions | Study population | Sampling methods (random or non-random) | Study period | Type of detection methods | Race/ethnicity | Gender Male | Age | Seropositive people (based on months) | No. of people screened (sample size) | Seropositive people (total) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herzog et al. [40] | Belgium (European Region) | Individuals aged 0–101 years | Random | March–July, 2020 | ELISA | 1799 (46.0%) | Highest % 60-70Y 507 (13.0%) | 30 March–5 April 113 | 16,532 | 840 | ||||
1599 (47.1%) | 10-20Y 442 (13.0%) | 20-26April 204 | ||||||||||||
1587 (49.0%) | 10-20Y 431 (13.3%) | 18–26 May 224 | ||||||||||||
1425 (48.1%) | 60-70Y 399 (13.5%) | 8–13 June 163 | ||||||||||||
1471 (48.7%) | 10-20Y 413 (13.7%) | 29 June–4 July 136 | ||||||||||||
Filho et al. [41] | Brazil (Region of the Americas) | Blood donors in Rio de Janeiro | Non-random | April, 2020 | LFIA | 1450 | Highest % 30–49Y 1443 (3.7%) | 2857 | 114 (4.0%) | |||||
Silveira et al. [42] | Brazil (region of the Americas) | Individuals in Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria and Uruguaiana | Random (multi-stage sampling) | March–May, 2020 | LFIA | White 76.0% | 41.1% | Highest % 50–59 (17.1%) | 4500 | 18 | ||||
Brown 15.3% | ||||||||||||||
Black 7.4% | ||||||||||||||
Other 1.3% | ||||||||||||||
Torres et al. [43] | Chile (Region of the Americas) | Large School Community Subject | Non-random | April, 2020 | LFIA | Students 54% | Mean 10.8 | 1009 | 100 | |||||
Staff 27% | 42.8 | 235 | 39 | |||||||||||
Chang et al. [44] | China (Western Pacific Region) | Blood donors in the cities of Wuhan, Shenzhen, and Shijiazhuang among 18–60-year-old adults | Non-random | January–April, 2020 | VN | Wuhan Han: 17,126 (96.2) | 11,077 (62.3) | Median 33 | 17,794 | 515 | ||||
Non-Han: 533 (3.0) | ||||||||||||||
Missing data: 135 (0.8) | ||||||||||||||
Shenzhen Han: 6519 (95.7) | 4428 (65.0) | 36 | 6810 | 3 | ||||||||||
Non-Han: 274 (4.0) | ||||||||||||||
Missing data: 17 (0.2) | ||||||||||||||
Shijiazhuang Han: 13,414 (99.1) | 9542 (70.5) | 40 | 13,540 | 1 | ||||||||||
Non-Han: 124 (0.9) | ||||||||||||||
Missing data: 2 (0.0) | ||||||||||||||
To et al. [45] | China (Western Pacific Region) | In a hospital and university in Hong Kong | Random | December, 2019-Februray, 2020 | ELISA | Median 59 | April 12 to July 3, 2018: 295 (P7) | 1214 | 29 | |||||
Jan 2 to June 28, 2019: 429 (17) | ||||||||||||||
July 2 to Dec 31, 2019: 401 (13) | ||||||||||||||
Jan 1 to Jan 31, 2020: 580 (15) | ||||||||||||||
Feb 1 to Feb 13, 2020: 233 (1) | ||||||||||||||
Liang et al. [46] | China (Western Pacific Region) | Hospital visitors | Random | January–April, 2020 | CLIA | Wuhan 4140 (50.0) | Median 55 | 8272 | 174 | |||||
Guangzhou 4249 (48.3) | 54 | 8782 | 53 | |||||||||||
Jerković et al. [47] | Croatia (European Region) | In Industry workers in Split-Dalmatia and Sˇibenik-Knin | Non-random | April, 2020 | LFIA | Split-Dalmatia | Median 46 | 1316 | 13 | |||||
Knin | 45 | 178 | 6 | |||||||||||
Erikstrup et al. [48] | Denmark (European Region) | Blood donors aged 17–69 years | Non-random | April–May, 2020 | LFIA | 10,217 | Highest % 5068 | 20,640 | 412 | |||||
Petersen et al. [49] | Denmark (European Region) | Individuals In Faroe Islands | Random | April–May, 2020 | ELISA | 538 (50.2) | Median 42.1 | 1075 | 6 | |||||
Ward et al. [50] | England (European Region) | ages 18 + years in England | Non-random | June–July, 2020 | LFIA | White: 92,737 | 43,825 | Highest % 45–54 20,634 | 99,908 | 5544 | ||||
Mixed: 1347 | ||||||||||||||
Asian: 3658 | ||||||||||||||
Black: 900 | ||||||||||||||
Other: 762 | ||||||||||||||
Gallian et al. [51] | France (European Region) | In group O French blood donors | Non-random | March–April, 2020 | VN | 534 | Median 41 | 998 | 27 | |||||
Grzelak et al. [52] | France (European Region) | hospitalized patients, pauci-symptomatic individuals and blood donors | Random | March, 2020 | ELISA | 70 (35%) | Median 18 | 200 | 3 | |||||
Fischer et al. [53] | Germany (European Region) | In blood donors located in three different federal states | Non-random | March–-June, 2020 | ELISA | 3186 | 29 | |||||||
Weis et al. [54] | Germany (European Region) | Individuals The CoNAN study | Non-random | May, 2020 | ELISA | 266 (47.3%) | Median 60 | 562 | 51 | |||||
Bogogian-nidou et a. [55] | Greece (European Region) | Greece People by using the leftover sampling methodology | Random | March–April, 2020 | CLIA | 3001 | March 5 | 6586 | 24 | |||||
April 19 | ||||||||||||||
Merkely et al. [56] | Hungary (European Region) | Hungarian population included individuals aged 14 years or older, living in private households | Random | May, 2020 | CLIA | 4864 (46.4) | Mean 48.7 | 10,474 | 69 | |||||
Shakiba et al. [57] | Iran (Eastern Mediterranean Region) | Individuals in Guilan province, Iran | Random | April, 2020 | LFIA | 270(49) | Highest % 18–60 343 | 551 | 117 | |||||
Percivalle et al. [58] | Italy (European Region) | In blood donors from the Lodi Red Zone in Lombardy, Italy | Non-random | January–February, 2020 | VN | 272 (70%) | Median 43 | 390 | 91 | |||||
Valenti et al. [59] | Italy (European Region) | Blood donors during the Covid-19 Milan outbreak | Random | February–April, 2020 | LFIA | 453 | Mean 40.7 | 729 | 40 | |||||
Fiore et al. [60] | Italy (European Region) | In healthy blood donors in South Eastern Italy | Random | May, 2020 | CLIA | 665 | Highest % (46‐55) 246 | 904 | 9 | |||||
Doi et al. [61] | Japan (Western Pacific Region) | Individuals in Kobe, Japan | Random | March–April, 2020 | LFIA | 486 | Highest % 60–69 171 | 1000 | 33 | |||||
Takita et al. [62] | Japan (Western Pacific Region) | Individuals in primary care clinics in Tokyo, Japan | Random | March–April, 2020 | LFIA | 461 | Highest % 35–54 653 | 1071 | 41 | |||||
Takita et al. [63] | Japan (Western Pacific Region) | Individuals at community clinics in Tokyo Authors: | Non-random | April–May, 2020 | LFIA | 87 (59%) | Highest % 40–49 58 (39) | 147 | 7 | |||||
Uyoga et al. [64] | Kenya (African Region) | In Kenyan blood donors | Random | April–June, 2020 | ELISA | 2540 | Highest % 25 to 34 1242 | 3098 | 174 | |||||
Song et al. [65] | Korea (Western Pacific Region) | Individuals without a history of the coronavirus disease infection in Daegu, Korea | Random | May–June, 2020 | LFIA | 99 (50%) | Highest % 40–59 89 | 198 | 15(7.6) | |||||
Kammon et al. [66] | Libya (African Region) | Among public community and health-care workers in Alzintan City of Libya | Random | April–May, 2020 | LFIA | 103 | 130 | 6 | ||||||
Snoeck et al. [67] | Luxembourg (European Region) | In the Luxembourgish population—the CON-VINCE study | Random | April–May, 2020 | ELISA | 911 (48.93) | Mean 47 | 1862 | 35 | |||||
Sam et al. [68] | Malaysia (Western Pacific Region) | Individuals in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia | Random | January–June, 2020 | VN | 448 | 816 | 3 | ||||||
Pollán et al. [7] | Spain (European Region) | Spain population | Random | April–May, 2020 | LFIA | Spanish: 57,858 | 29 349 | Highest % 50–64 ≥ 65 15 094 | 61,075 | 3054 | ||||
Other: 2643 | ||||||||||||||
Lundkvist et al. [69] | Sweden (European Region) | Two areas in Stockholm with different socio-economic conditions | Random | June, 2020 | LFIA | Sweden as country of origin (%) 98.4 | Djurgård-sstaden 42% | Mean 37 | 123 | 5 | ||||
1.1 | Tensta 71% | 50 | 90 | 27 | ||||||||||
Stringhini et al. [70] | Switzerland (European Region) | Former participants of the Bus Santé study and their household members | Random | April–May, 2020 | ELISA | 1312 | Highest % 20–49 (n = 1096) | Week 1 (n = 341) 12 | 2766 | 219 | ||||
Week 2 (n = 469) 28 | ||||||||||||||
Week 3 (n = 577) 61 | ||||||||||||||
Week 4 (n = 604) 36 | ||||||||||||||
Week 5 (n = 775) 82 | ||||||||||||||
Bendavid et al. [71] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Adults and children in Santa Clara County | Random | April, 2020 | LFIA | Non-Hispanic 2116 | 1228 (36.9%) | Highest % 40–69 1706 | 3330 | 50 | ||||
White 623 | ||||||||||||||
Hispanic 266 | ||||||||||||||
Asian Other 306 | ||||||||||||||
Biggs et al. [72] | USA (Region of the Americas) | The Georgia shelter-in-place order for all residents (April 3–30) | Non-random | April–May, 2020 | CLIA | White, non-Hispanic 329 | 317 | Highest % 18–49 347 | 696 | 19 | ||||
Black, non-Hispanic 266 | ||||||||||||||
Hispanic 44 | ||||||||||||||
Asian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic 29 | ||||||||||||||
Multiple race/ Other/ Unknown 28 | ||||||||||||||
Bryan et al. [73] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Individuals in Boise, Idaho | Random | April, 2020 | CLIA | 2,035 (41.9) | Highest % 1,142 (23.5) | 4856 | 87 | |||||
Dietrich et al. [74] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Children in Louisiana During the State Stay at Home Order | Random | March–May, 2020 | ELISA | Black 347 (42.7) | 403 (49.6%) | Median 11 | 812 | 62 | ||||
White 336 (41.4) | ||||||||||||||
Hispanic 43 (5.3) | ||||||||||||||
Other 86 (10.6) | ||||||||||||||
Feehan et al. [38] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Individuals in New Orleans | Random | May, 2020 | CLIA | White (1607) | 38.2% | Mean 50.6 | 2640 | 181 | ||||
Black (828) | ||||||||||||||
Asian (130) | ||||||||||||||
Native American (14) | ||||||||||||||
Multiracial /other (58) | ||||||||||||||
Hispanic (293) | ||||||||||||||
Havers et al. [39] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Individuals in 10 Sites in the United States | Random | March–May, 2020 | ELISA | 7178 | Highest % ≥ 65 5802 | 16,025 | 515 | |||||
McLaug-hlin et al. [75] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Individuals in a Ski Resort Community, Blaine County, Idaho, US | Random | May, 2020 | CLIA | Hispanic or Latino 39 | 438 | Highest % 50 to 59 225 | 917 | 208 | ||||
Non-Hispanic or Latino 735 | ||||||||||||||
Menach-emi et al. [76] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Individuals In Indiana | Random | April, 2020 | CLIA | White 3373 (92) | 1,656 (45) | Highest % 40–59 1,328 (36) | 3658 | 246 | ||||
Nonwhite 281 (8) | ||||||||||||||
Ng et al. [77] | USA (Region of the Americas) | In donor and patient blood from the 2 San Francisco Bay Area | Random | March, 2020 | CLIA | 387 | 1 | |||||||
Rosenberg et al. [25] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among a 15,101-patron convenience sample at 99 grocery stores in 26 counties throughout NYS | Random | April, 2020 | MIA | Hispanic or Latino 17.4 | 47.6% | Highest % 55 + 36.1% | 15,101 | 1887 | ||||
NH-White 58.0 | ||||||||||||||
NH-Black/African American 13.9 | ||||||||||||||
NH-Asian 8.6 | ||||||||||||||
Multiracial /Other 2.1 | ||||||||||||||
Sood et al. [26] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among adults in Los Angeles County, California | Random | April, 2020 | LFIA | Hispanic 190 | 347 | Highest % 35–54 475 | 863 | 35 | ||||
White (non-Hispanic) 497 | ||||||||||||||
Black (non-Hispanic) 72 | ||||||||||||||
Other 104 | ||||||||||||||
Akinbami et al. [78] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among healthcare, first response, and public safety personnel, Detroit metropolitan area, Michigan | Non-random | May–June 2020 | ELISA | No | % Seropositive | No | % Seropositive | Highest % No | % Seropositive | 16,403 | 1132 | |
Non-Hispanic White 12,858 | 6.0 | 5,146 (31.4) | 6.7 | 45–59 5,222 (31.9) | 18–24 7.9 | |||||||||
Non-Hispanic Black 1,200 | 16.3 | |||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic Asian 1,097 | 7.3 | |||||||||||||
Hispanic 440 | 6.8 | |||||||||||||
Other‡ 404 | 7.2 | |||||||||||||
Declined to answer 398 | 7.0 | |||||||||||||
Berardis et al. [79] | Belgium (European Region) | In a Belgian cohort of patients with cystic fibrosis | Non-random | April–May 2020 | CLIA | 76 | Mean 24.9 | 149 | 4 (2.7%) | |||||
Borges et al. [80] | Brazil (Region of the Americas) | In an asymptomatic population in Sergipe | Random | May,2020 | LFIA | 1469 (48.2%) | Mean 39 | 3046 | IgM 347 | |||||
IgG 218 | ||||||||||||||
Borges et al. [81] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among firefighters/paramedics of a US fire department | Non-random | April, 2020 | LFIA | White 154 (78.2) | 188 (93.5) | Highest % 41–50 67 (33.0) | 203 | 18 (8.9) | ||||
Black or African–American 9 (4.6) | ||||||||||||||
Multi- race 8 (4.1) | ||||||||||||||
Other 26 (13.2) | ||||||||||||||
Clarke et al. [12] | United Kingdom (European Region) | In hemodialysis patients | Non-random | April–May, 2020 | CLIA | + (129) | − (227) | + | – | + Median | – | 356 | 129 | |
Black 18 | 28 | 82 (63.6) | 144 (63.4) | 65 | 68 | |||||||||
White 29 | 61 | |||||||||||||
Indo-Asian 60 | 94 | |||||||||||||
Other 22 | 44 | |||||||||||||
De Carlo et al. [82] | Italy (European Region) | In healthcare professionals of a Southern Italy hospital | Non-random | March–May,2020 | CLIA | Mean 46.5 | March 4 | 3242 | 62 | |||||
April 9 | ||||||||||||||
April28- May4 15 | ||||||||||||||
May 35 | ||||||||||||||
Dingens et al. [83] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among children visiting a hospital during the initial Seattle outbreak | Non-random | March–April, 2020 | ELISA | 541 | Highest % ≥ 15 369 | 1076 | 10 | |||||
Flannery et al. [84] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among parturient women in Philadelphia | Non-random | April–June, 2020 | ELISA | Black/Non-Hispanic 537 | 0 | Median 31 | 1293 | 80 | ||||
White/Non-Hispanic 447 | ||||||||||||||
Hispanic/Latino 125 | ||||||||||||||
Asian 106 | ||||||||||||||
Other/Unknown 78 | ||||||||||||||
Halatoko et al. [85] | Togo (African Region) | Among high-risk populations in Lome´ (Togo) | Random | April–May, 2020 | ELISA | 684 71.6% | Median 36 | 955 | 9 | |||||
Hunter et al. [86] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among healthcare workers with differing levels of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) patient exposure | Random | April–May, 2020 | CLIA | 30% | Mean 42.8 | 734 | 12 | |||||
Khan et al. [87] | India ( South-East Asia Region) | Hospital visitors across District Srinagar | Non-random | July,2020 | CLIA | 1463 | Highest % 30–49 1424 | 2906 | 111 | |||||
Kobashi et al. [88] | Japan (Western Pacific Region) | Healthcare workers | Non-random | May,2020 | CLIA | 154 24.18% | Median 44 | 637 | IgM 2 | |||||
IgG 6 | ||||||||||||||
Lastrucci et al. [89] | Italy (European Region) | In different essential activities during the general lock-down phase in the province of Prato (Tuscany, Italy) | Random | May,2020 | ELISA | 1532 (32.9%) | Median 49 | 4656 | 138 (3.0%) | |||||
Mahajan et al. [90] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among Adults Living in Connecticut | Random | June, 2020 | ELISA | Hispanic 49 | 244 47% | Mean 50.1 | 567 | 23 (4.1%) | ||||
Non-Hispanic White 470 | ||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic Black 37 | ||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic Asian 9 | ||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic Other 5 | ||||||||||||||
Mansour et al. [91] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Academic Hospital in New York City | Non-random | March–April, 2020 | ELISA | 111 (54%) | Mean 38 | 285 | 93 | |||||
Mattern et al. [92] | France (European Region) | Circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in a maternity ward in an area that has been significantly affected | Non-random | May, 2020 | CLIA | 0 | Mean 33 | 249 | 20 | |||||
McDade et al. [93] | USA (Region of the Americas) | among household members of essential workers | Random | April–May, 2020 | ELISA | 105 | Mean 37 | 232 | 30 | |||||
Naranbhai et al. [94] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Chelsea residents, aged ≥ 18 years, with no current symptoms and no history of a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test | Non-random | April,2020 | ELISA | 120 (60%) | Median 46 | 200 | 63 | |||||
Oliveira et al. [95] | Brazil (Region of the Americas) | In outpatients of a large public university hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil | Random | June–August, 2020 | ECLIA | 156 (35.5) | Highest % 40–59 | 439 | 61 | |||||
Pollán et al. [96] | Spain (European Region) | Spanish population | Random | April – May,2020 | CLIA | 29 349 | Highest % 50–64 13 906 | 61,075 | 3054 (5%) | |||||
Psichogiou et al. [97] | Greece (European Region) | among health care workers in a country with low burden of Covid-19 | Random | April- May, 2020 | LFIA | 453 | Highest % 35–54 922 | 1495 | 15 | |||||
Racine-Brzostek et al. [98] | USA (Region of the Americas) | in New York City Health Care Workers | Random | April–May, 2020 | ELISA | 834 | Mean 37 | 2274 | 805 | |||||
Shields et al. [99] | United Kingdom (European Region) | in healthcare workers | Random | April 2020 | ELISA | 128 (24.8%) | Median 42 | 516 | 126 | |||||
Sood et al. [100] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among adults in Los Angeles County, California | Random | April, 2020 | LFIA | Hispanic 190 | 347 | Highest % 35–54 475 | 863 | 100 | ||||
White (non-Hispanic) 497 | ||||||||||||||
Black (non-Hispanic) 72 | ||||||||||||||
Other 104 | ||||||||||||||
Tang et al. [101] | China (Western Pacific Region) | In hemodialysis centers | Non-random | December, 2019- March, 2020 | ELISA | 619 (60.3%) | Mean 60.3 | 1027 | 47 | |||||
Younas et al. [21] | Pakistan ( Eastern Mediterranean Region) | Among healthy blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan | Random | June,2020 | ECLIA | 380 | Mean 30.6 | 380 | 128(33.6%) | |||||
Anna et al. [24] | France (European Region) | Individuals in Paris | Non-random | March–April 2020 | ELISA | 418 22.6% | Mean 38 | 1847 | 183 | |||||
Banjar et al. [102] | Saudi Arabia ( Eastern Mediterranean Region) | Among blood donors in the early months of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia | Random | May,2020 | ECLIA | 796 | Mean 33.3 | 837 | 12 | |||||
Coatsworth et al. [103] | Australia ( Western Pacific Region) | In elective surgical patients in Australia | Non-random | June–July 2020 | ELISA | White 2607 (85.8) | 1479 (48.7) | Mean 54 | 3037 | 15 | ||||
Asian 203 (6.7) | ||||||||||||||
ATSI 16 (0.5) | ||||||||||||||
Black/African 19 (0.6) | ||||||||||||||
Other 192 (6.3) | ||||||||||||||
Ebinger et al. [104] | USA (Region of the Americas) | In healthcare workers | Random | May,2020 | CLIA | (−) Asian 1809 (31) | ( +) 57 (27) | 1876 (32) | 73 (34) | Mean (-) 41.6 | Mean ( +) 38.5 | 6062 | 212 | |
Black 354 (6) | 18 (8) | |||||||||||||
White 2938 (50) | 104 (49) | |||||||||||||
Other 749 (13) | 33 (16) | |||||||||||||
Kantele et al. [105] | Finland (European Region) | Among healthcare workers at Helsinki University Hospital, Finland | Non-random | March–April 2020 | ELISA | 187 (17.3%) | Median 38 | 1095 | 33 | |||||
Ladoire et al. [106] | France (European Region) | Among the staff and patients of a French cancer center after first lockdown | Non-random | May–June 2020 | ECLIA | Employees ( +) 2 (16.7%) | (−) 139 (21.4%) 649 | Mean ( +) 35.3 | 38.6 | 663 | 12 | |||
Patients ( +) 7 (41.2%) | 299 (30.1%) | Mean ( +) 65.2 | 63.1 | 1011 | 17 | |||||||||
Laursen et al. [107] | Sweden- Denmark (European Region) | Among Danish and Swedish Falck Emergency and Non-Emergency Healthcare Workers | Random | June–August 2020 | LFIA | Swedish 1248 | 1939 (59.3) | Highest % 40–60 1732 (52.9) | 3272 | 159 (4.9%) | ||||
Danish 2024 | ||||||||||||||
Lombardi et al. [108] | Italy (European Region) | Among healthcare workers of a large university hospital in Milan, Lombardy, Italy | Random | April–June 2020 | CLIA | 1232 | Mean 44.8 | 4055 | 309 | |||||
Moncunill et al. [109] | Spain (European Region) | Among health care workers in a Spanish hospital after 3 months of follow-up | Random | April–May 2020 | ELISA | 206 | Mean 42 | 565 | 82 | |||||
Pan et al. [110] | Taiwan ( Western Pacific Region) | Among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Taiwan | Random | July–Aug 2020 | ELISA | 70 36.8% | Mean 36.3 | 194 | 64 | |||||
Pereckait et al. [111] | Lithuania (European Region) | In healthcare workers of Kaunas Hospitals | Random | June–September 2020 | LFIA | 63 | Mean 43.4 | 432 | 5 | |||||
McQuade et al. [112] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among Outpatients in Virginia | Random | June–August, 2020 | ELISA | Hispanic 396 | 1556 (33.3) | Mean 48.8 | 4675 | 101 | ||||
Non-Hispanic 4279 | ||||||||||||||
Venugopal et al. [113] | USA (Region of the Americas) | Among health care workers in a New York City hospital | Random | March–May, 2020 | ELISA | Hispanic 132 (28%) | 149 (31%) | Highest % 20–39 230 | 478 | 130 | ||||
Black 87 (18%) | ||||||||||||||
Asian 114 (24%) | ||||||||||||||
Other race 30 (6%) | ||||||||||||||
Caucasian 115 (24%) | ||||||||||||||
Malagón- Rojas et al. [114] | Colombia (Region of the Americas) | Healthcare workers in Colombia | Random | September–November 2020 | CLIA | Afro- Colombian 216 | 788 | 36.45 ± 10.5 | 3296 | 1021 | ||||
White 995 | ||||||||||||||
Indigenous 112 | ||||||||||||||
Mestizo 2004 | ||||||||||||||
Raizal 19 | ||||||||||||||
Gipsy 6 | ||||||||||||||
Poustchi et al. [115] | Iran (Eastern Mediter-ranean Region) | High-risk occupational groups | Random | April 17 and June 2, 2020 | ELISA | 1795 | Highest % 30–39 2995(33·6%) | 3530 | 494 | |||||
Poulikakos et al. [116] | England (European Region) | Healthcare workers in a tertiary center in North West | Random | May 2020 | ELISA | Black or BAME 55 (19·6%) | 205 (73%) | 281 | 17 | |||||
did not declare ethnicity 25 (8·9%) | ||||||||||||||
DIPC 195 (69·4%) | ||||||||||||||
Amendola et al. [117] | Italy (European Region) | Healthcare workers of the largest children hospital in Milan | Non-random | April 15, 2020 | ELISA | 108 | Median 44 | 663 | 34 | |||||
Brandstetter et al. [118] | Germany (European Region) | Hospital staff | Random | March 2020 | ELISA | 30 | Highest % 36–50 72 (35.8) | 201 | 31 | |||||
Chibwana et al. [119] | Malawi (African Region) | Health Care Workers | Random | May 2020 to June 2020 | ELISA | 236 | Median 31 | 500 | 84 |