Tool citations | Sample size | Population/sample | Dates of data collection | Duration of follow-up | Final variables in model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cheng et al. [126] | 1969 | CRC treated with surgery | 2000–2013 | 8–163.4 months (median 36.3 months) | Patients with the BRAFV600E mutation are prone to non-regional lymph node metastasis and peritoneal metastasis, not liver metastasis |
Feng et al. [121] | 281 | Primary tumor resections (R0) | 2002–2008 | In metachronous metastasis group, the median follow-up time was 87 months | Sex, primary tumor location, primary N stage and KRAS codon 13 mutations were independent factors for metachronous distant metastasis |
Cho et al. [117] | 147 | Confirmed CRC by pathology and imaging studies confirmed metastatic disease | 2007–2014 | Unknown | KRAS and BRAF mutation have no correlation with liver metastasis of colorectal cancer and non-CEA producers are associated with RAS mutations |
Margonis et al. [123] | 849 | Patients underwent resections with curative intent | 2000–2016 | 28.3 months (median follow-up) | Mutbraf/wtkras genotype were also significantly more likely to be right-sided, more advanced T stage and metachronous liver metastasis |
Colloca et al. [48] | 425 | Patients who diagnosed with relapsed or metastatic CRC | 2006–2011 | Unknown | 1. Patients with synchronous metastasis: older, more frequent liver involvement, more right-sided primary tumors. 2. High CEA levels were related with synchronous liver metastasis |
Tsai et al. [19] | 155 | Only CRC patients whose metastasis were resectable on presentation were included | 1995–2004 | Mean 28.5 ± 2.0 months | 1. The metachronous group: the mean age was higher. 2. No significant difference between the synchronous and metachronous groups in terms of tumor location, tumor size, tumor staging, tumor grading and metastasis to regional lymph nodes |
Mekenkamp et al. [14] | 550 | Only patients with a prior resection of the primary tumor were considered | 2003–2005 | Follow-up after completion of treatment was performed every 3 months until death. The primary endpoint was overall survival | Tumors of patients with synchronous metastasis had larger diameters, a higher T and N stage, absent or little lymphoid reaction and more frequently a diffuse infiltration pattern than patients with metachronous disease |
Khan et al. [39] | 434 | Patients with histologically proven rectal carcinoma | 2005–2015 | 5 years | The risk factors of metachronous group: tumor depth (T stage), lymph node metastasis, post-op serum CEA levels and complete tumor response on histopathology |
Chuang et al. [20] | 1099 | Patients with histologically proven CRC receiving surgical treatment | 2001–2007 | Mean follow-up time of 39.0 ± 24.2 months |  > 65 years, reoperative serum CEA level > 5/ml, tumor depth of T3–4 invasion, positive LN metastasis, positive vascular invasion, and positive perineural invasion are related to metachronous liver metastasis |
Zheng et al. [22] | 161 | Colorectal adenocarcinoma determined by pathologic evidence | 2008–2014 | Unknown | 1. Metachronous group: elder 2. Synchronous group: larger in size, poorly differentiated, more frequently local advanced and lymph node positive, result in more and larger metastatic lesions |
Laubert et al. [52] | 920/120 | Patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer | 1993–2008 | 5 years | Factors related to metachronous group: aneuploidy and elevated CEA |
Amara et al. [76] | 124 /35 | CRC | 1995–2011 | The duration of follow-up was calculated from the date of surgery to death | SDF-1/CXCR4 may enhance the liver metastasis causing poor prognosis |
Schøler et al. [34] | 23 | Liver metastasis patients treated with curative intent | 2015–2016 | 3 years | CtDNA detected within 3 months post-surgery is associated with a very high relapse risk of liver metastasis |
Huang et al. [110] | 205 | Histologically proven synchronous or metachronous mCRC who received surgical treatment | 2002–2012 | The median follow-up time for the 205 patients was 30.2 ± 20.9 months | 1. Positive EGFR expression has prognostic value only for patients with metachronous liver metastasis 2. KRAS mutation did not have prognostic value in patients with metachronous or synchronous CRC |
Pantal et al. [109] | 18 | Fresh tissue specimens from liver metastasis of 18 patients who had undergone liver surgery | / | / | 1. EGFR was overexpressed in metachronous group 2. COX-2 gene was over expressed in synchronous group |
Pan et al. [140] | 20 | Blood samples | / | / | 1. HER2 is an independent predictive factor for synchronous liver metastasis 2. HER2 may also be a risk factor for metachronous liver metastasis |
Styczen et al. [141] | 208 | Cancer samples and tissue samples | / | / | HER2 and HER3 expression status in primary tumors, is closely associated with metachronous liver metastasis |