Table 1 Patient details

Elbow

 1

Male

37

An untreated childhood elbow injury

16

Cubitus varus 30°, radial head subluxation, ulna recurvation, and shortening

Pain relief in the radial elbow, reconstruction of normal anatomy (cosmetic reasons)

Distal supracondylar humerus, proximal ulna

 2

Male

18

An untreated supracondylar humeral fracture as an 8-year-old

18

Cubitus varus 20°

Pain relief radial elbow, reconstruction of normal anatomy (cosmetic reasons)

Distal supracondylar humerus

Forearm

 3

Male

18

An untreated forearm fracture as a 9-year-old

24

Pronation contracture of the forearm

Reconstruction of neutral forearm rotation, restore forearm rotation

Diaphyseal radius and ulna

 4

Male

15

Ulnar shortening and radius bowing with radial head dislocation due to hereditary multiple exostoses

14

Ulna recurvation, prominent radial head luxation, extension deficit of elbow 30°

Improvement of forearm rotation and elbow extension, radial head reposition

Proximal ulna

 5

Male

47

Malunion of forearm fracture 13 years prior

9

Malunion diaphyseal radius with ulna plus variant and prominent dorsal dislocation of the distal ulna

Pain relief distal radioulnar joint, reconstruction of normal anatomy, improvement in forearm rotation

Radius double osteotomy, distal diaphyseal ulna

Distal radius

 6

Female

48

Malunion of distal radius fracture 1 year prior (surgical) treatment)

14

Malunion distal radius with shortening and flexion

Pain relief, improvement of dorsal extension, and supination

Distal radius

 7

Female

64

Malunion of distal radius fracture 4 months prior (conservative treatment)

10

Malunion distal radius with 20° dorsal tilt, ulna plus variant, decrease of ulnar inclination

Pain relief, reconstruction of normal anatomy

Distal radius

 8

Female

15

Madelung deformity

10

An increased ulnar inclination angle

Pain relief distal radioulnar joint, reconstruction of normal anatomy

Distal radius