Table 1 Several recently developed nanomaterials with angiogenic and anti-angiogenic properties have been found to cure a wide range of vasculature-related diseases

Ischemic Stroke

Hydroxyethyl Starch Functionalized NPs

Sensitively release more smoothened agonists in the acidic environment of ischemic brain tissue, enhance angiogenesis and maintain the integrity of the blood–brain barrier by utilizing the synergistic processes of Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN) peptides and smoothened agonist, improve neuroplasticity as well as the rehabilitation of neurological function

[308]

NIR-driven nanophotosynthesis biosystem

They can be oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, which allows them to preserve neurons from ischemia and contributes to treating stroke, reducing infarction, enhancing angiogenesis, and facilitating repair of brain tissues

[283]

siRNA delivery by MRI-visible NPs

Increased angiogenesis, neurogenesis, white matter recovery significantly reduced infarct volume, and functional recovery after ischemic stroke improves therapeutic efficacy of transplanted endothelial progenitor cell

[281, 282, 284]

Peripheral arterial disease

H₂O₂-responsive polymer PVAX NPs

rapidly scavenge H₂O₂ and release vanillyl alcohol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, significantly enhancing the expression of angiogenic inducers like platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), induced revascularization and blood perfusion restoration into ischemic tissues through upregulating angiogenic PECAM-1 and VEGF

[136]

Indocyanine green-loaded boronated maltodextrin NPs

They exhibited H₂O₂-triggered amplification of ultrasound fluorescence, and photoacoustic signals in the ischemic hindlimb muscles, potent anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic activities

[114]

Bone regeneration

Dexamethasone-loaded biphasic calcium phosphate NPs/collagen composite scaffolds

simultaneous promotion of osteogenesis and angiogenesis, microgrooves in the scaffolds were intended to direct the assembly of HUVECs into well-aligned tubular frameworks, which would then promote fast angiogenesis

[46]

3D scaffold based on poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/Polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix polymer consisting of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and gelatin nanofibers

The most significant levels of neo-bone development, osteocyte in lacuna weaved bone creation, and angiogenesis was seen in the defect location

[234]

K-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs containing porous hydrogels

Significantly induce neovascularization and angiogenesis

[245]

Diabetic retinopathy

Hydrogel comprising dexamethasone/Avastin-loaded Chitosan-N-acetyl-L-cysteine NPs

The optimized formulation could improve diabetic retinopathy, improve concomitant vitreoretinal disorders, improve treatment of posterior eye segment neovascularization,

[258]

IL-12-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs

They showed better inhibitory efficacy against MMP-9 and VEGF-A expression in diabetic retinopathy mouse retina and rat endothelial cells, decreased neovascularization, increased thickness, reduced retinal damage

[321]

Rheumatoid arthritis

Methotrexate-loaded mannose-modified human serum albumin NPs

Angiogenesis in chick embryos was significantly inhibited, arthritic joints were the primary site of the accumulation of NPs, considerable reduction in the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, as well as joint bone degradation and swelling, showed analgesic effects

[162]

SeNPs–PEG–RGD@Ru

They promote uptake by HUVECs and trace the biodistribution and internalization, the extensive neovascular network of inflammatory locations is what these NPs aim to target to produce; NO, stimulate the apoptosis of HUVECs, and prevent the formation of new vessels in the localized tissue, NO activates autophagy through the modulation of signaling pathways associated with mTOR and AMPK, the increase of the flux of autophagy, the inhibition of the function of NF-B-p65, and the modulation of the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines

[154]

Critical limb ischemia

Cerium oxide NPs

They exhibited pro-angiogenic activity in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model, mice given 0.6 mg of cerium oxide had a higher rate of limb salvage and blood vessel reperfusion in the hindlimbs, they increased endothelial survival by scavenging ROS, revascularize an ischemic limb by promoting Ref-1/APE1-dependent angiogenesis

[205]

Age-related macular degeneration

Sodium butyrate-loaded NPs coated chitosan

They inhibited the angiogenesis in CAM assay, showed no toxicity to human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19 cells), did not interfere in the integrity of the retinal layers of rat’s eyes

[220]

Resveratrol-loaded PLGA NPs

They displayed in vitro anti-angiogenic properties by inhibiting expression of VEGF

[29]

Stem cell-based intervention

Hybrid quinacrine and gold NPs

They caused apoptosis in vitro, significantly inhibited cellular proliferation, disrupted tumor regression in xenograft mice model and disrupted angiogenesis in vivo, inhibited crucial angiogenic markers VEGF, Ang-2, and Ang-1, depleted MMP-2 in H-357-PEMT cells in a p21 and p53-dependent manner, increased the generation of NO and ROS, educed the mitochondrial membrane potential

[238]

Poly(N‑isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) NPs loaded with collagen

After 14 days in the osteogenic culture media, endothelial differentiation and capillary-like tube formation were verified, Expressions of osteogenic markers such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and collagen type I (Col I) were confirmed, as were expressions of angiogenic markers like kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31)

[2]

Cancer

RGD-Glycol chitosan NPs modified with 5β-cholanic acid

These NPs were capable of reducing HUVEC adherence to a βig-h3 protein-coated surface, which suggests that the RGD peptide included in the NPs has an antiangiogenic effect; as a formulation of an antiangiogenic peptide medication, the NPs effectively reduced bFGF-induced angiogenesis and lowered hemoglobin levels in Matrigel plug

[128]

Nanoceria

Nanoceria strongly decreased the generation of ROS in A2780 cells, and it slowed the invasion and migration of SKOV3 cells that were driven by growth factors (HB-EGF, VEGF165, SDF1, and HGF). However, it did not influence the cell proliferation, treatment with nanoceria was capable of preventing VEGF165-induced proliferation, in addition to the development of capillary tubes and the activation of MMP2 and VEGFR2 in HUVEC, attenuation of angiogenesis was found, which was verified by lower CD31 staining and selective death of vascular endothelial cells. This attenuation occurred concurrently with the reduction in tumor mass

[76]