Table 1 The basic characteristics of studies included in this review
First author, publication year | Study design/setting | Country | Patients Total (early intubation /late intubation) (N) | Age Early intubation/late intubation (yr, IQR or SD) | Male Early intubation/late intubation (%) | Pharmacological treatment Early intubation/late intubation (%) | Definition of early intubation | Index time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
González, 2022 [27] | Prospective/multi-center | Spain | 205 (140/65) | 63.0 (54.0–71.0) /63.0 (59.0–69.0) | 75.7/70.8 | Steroids: 90.9/87.3 Remdesivir: 25/30 |  < 48 h | First respiratory support |
Bavishi, 2021 [14] | Retrospective/single center | US | 54 (30/24) | 58 (42–69) /62 (50–69) | 70/66 | Steroids: 23.3/33.3 Anti-interleukin-6: 26.7 / 29 Hydroxychloroquine: 3.3 / 17 Remdesivir: 23.3/21 |  < 24 h | Hospital admission |
Fayed, 2021 [26] | Retrospective/single center | US | 110 (55/55) | 64.3 (12.7)/63.5 (15.5) | NR | Steroids: 90.9/87.3 Remdesivir: 25/30 |  < 24 h | ARDS onset |
Mellado-Artigas, 2021 [31] | Prospective/multi-center | Spain, Andorra | 84 (61/23) | 61 (11) /63 (9) | 52/61 | Immunosuppression: 3.3/6.6 |  < 24 h | ICU admission |
Pandya, 2021 [15] | Retrospective/single center | US | 75 (37/38) | 65.92 (14.79) /64.05 (13.87) | 48.84/51.16 | NR | 1.27Â days | ARDS onset |
Parish, 2021 [32] | Retrospective/multi-center | US | 1628 (807/821) |  > 65yrs 44.5%/44.7% | 65.6/64.7 | NR |  < 48 h | Triage in the emergency department |
Vera, 2021 [16] | Prospective/single center | Chile | 183 (88/95) | 59 (53–66) /64 (55–71) | 71/74 | Steroids: 34/41 |  < 48 h | Hospital admission |
Zirpe, 2021 [17] | Retrospective/single center | India | 147 (75/72) | 58 (50–69) /59 (52–67) | 74.6/73.6 | NR |  < 48 h | ICU admission |
Hernandez-Romieu, 2021 [28] | Retrospective/multi-center | US | 175 (133/42) -Intubated within 8 h (n = 76) -Intubated within 8 ~ 24 h (n = 57) | Intubated < 8 h 67 (56–76), 8–24 h 65 (55–73) /67 (57–77) | Intubated < 8 h 50, 8–24 h 59.6 /59.5 | NR |  < 24 h | ICU admission |
Lee, 2020 [29] | Retrospective/multi-center | South Korea | 39 (23/16) | 72 (64–76) /66 (59–77) | 60.9/62.5 | Steroids: 78.3/93.8 Hydroxychloroquine: 87/87.5 Lopinavir–ritonavir: 87/68.8 Darunavir–cobicistat: 13/31.2 |  < 24 h | ARDS onset |
Matta, 2020 [30] | Retrospective/single center | US | 111 (76/35) | 69.79 (12.15) /65.03 (8.37) | 55/51 | Steroids: 74/71 Tocilizumab: 30/31 Hydroxychloroquine: 65/77 Remdesivir: 15/14 |  < 48 h | ARDS onset |
Siempos, 2020 [33] | Prospective/single center | Greece | 32 (14/18) | 63 (57–69) /64 (57–74) | 57/92 | NR | The remaining intubated patients except for the late intubation group (late intubation group: non-rebreather mask for ≥ 24 h or HFNC/NIV for any period of time in an attempt to avoid intubation) | ARDS onset |