Summary | Species | Disease | References |
---|---|---|---|
Detrimental effects | |||
 Elevated BV levels are associated with increased mortality in patients with paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis | Human | Paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis | [61] |
 Neonatal exposure to high levels of BR causes severe motor symptoms and cerebral palsy | Human | Cerebral palsy | [62] |
 Unbound BR is strongly associated with auditory toxicity in neonates greater than or equal to 34 weeks of gestational age | Human | Auditory toxicity | [63] |
 Neonatal conditioning with concurrent hyperbilirubinemia and hypoxia-induced acidosis promoted long-term impairments in learning and memory complex sensorimotor functions. The toxicity is exacerbated through the activity of ASIC channels | Human, mouse | BR-induced neurotoxicity | [64] |
Beneficial effects | |||
 Intraperitoneal BR administration decreases infarct area in coronary I/R injury by preventing the oxidation of cardiolipin in the early cell death pathway | Rat | Cardiac I/R injury | [25] |
 BR nanoparticle administration ameliorate mRNA expression of inflammatory markers and monocyte infiltration during cardiac I/R injury | Mouse | Cardiac I/R injury | [28] |
 Intraperitoneal BV administration protected brain cells from oxidative injuries in MCA occlusion followed by reperfusion | Rat | Brain I/R injury | [32] |
 BR suppressed polyclonal and antigen-specific T cell responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice | Mouse | Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis | [35] |
 BR nanoparticles delayed onset and progression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and reduced the severity of the disease by acting on dendritic cells | Mouse | Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis | [36] |
 BV administration prevented gene expression of inflammatory mediators and gene fragmentation due to oxidative stress in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome | Rat | Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome | [38] |
 Hyperbilirubinemia ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats | Rat | Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis | [41] |
 Bile pigment administration improved mesenteric I/R injury through its antioxidative properties | Rat | Mesenteric I/R injury | |
 BV administration achieves cytoprotective effects in mesenteric I/R injury through the suppression of NK-κB activation | Human | Mesenteric I/R injury | [46] |
 Intraperitoneal administration of BV improved host survival via the inhibition of inflammatory and oxidative markers, reduced neutrophil migration, and suppression of mucosal degradation | Rat | Intestinal transplantation | |
 BV maintained lung function post-transplantation and mitigated damage through the inhibition of inflammatory markers and MDA levels | Rat | Lung transplantation | [51] |
 BV administration ameliorated vascular endothelial injury caused by I/R and mechanical trauma | Rat | Vein graft and balloon injury | [52] |
 Hyperbilirubinemia prolonged graft survival and reduced acute rejection in heart transplantation | Rat | Cardiac transplantation | [53] |
 BV modulates inflammatory mediators and improves gastrointestinal function in polymicrobial sepsis | Rat | Sepsis | [54] |
 BV administration reduced endotoxemia-induced cellular damage in lungs and improved survival rates | Rat | Sepsis | [56] |