Table 1 Intracellular Ca²⁺ handling properties in female cardiomyocytes compared to male cardiomyocytes

Ca²⁺ transient amplitude

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[50]

↓

Mice

V

5–10 months

1

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[54]

↓

Rat

LV

 ~ 3 months

0.5,1,1.5 and 2

Fura-2 AM

25 °C

[49]

 ↔ 

Mice

V

 ~ 7 and 24 months

1

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[51]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 3 months

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[52]

Ca²⁺ transient time-to-peak

↑

Rat

LV

 ~ 3 months

0.5,

Fura-2 AM

25 °C

[49]

↑

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[50]

↑

Rat

V

 ~ 3 months

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[52]

 ↔ 

–

–

 ~ 24 months

–

–

–

–

Ca²⁺ transient rise rate

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[50]

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 3 months

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[52]

 ↔ 

–

 ~ 24 months

–

–

–

–

 ↔ 

Mice

V

 ~ 7 and 24 months

1.5

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[51]

Ca²⁺ transient 90% decay time

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 24 months

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[52]

 ↔ 

–

 ~ 3 months

–

–

–

–

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[50]

Ca²⁺ transient decay rate

↓

Rat

LV

 ~ 3 months

1.5

Fura-2 AM

25 °C

[49]

Diastolic Ca²⁺

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[50]

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 3 months

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[52]

 ↔ 

–

 ~ 24 months

–

–

–

–

 ↔ 

Mice

V

5–10 months

1

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[54]

 ↔ 

Mice

V

 ~ 7 months

1

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[51]

↑

 ~ 24 months

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ content

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[50]

 ↔ 

Mice

V

5–10 months

1

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[54]

↑

Guinea pig

7 weeks

1

NA

37 °C

[55]

E-C coupling gain

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[50]

↓

Mice

V

5–10 months

1

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[54]

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 3 months

1.8

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[52]

 ↔ 

–

–

 ~ 24 months

–

–

–

–

 ↔ 

Mice

V

 ~ 7 and 24 months

1

Fura-2 AM

37 °C

[51]

Ca²⁺ Spark frequency

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fluo-4 AM

37 °C

[50]

 ↔ 

Mice

V

5–10 months

1

Fluo-4 AM

37 °C

[54]

Ca²⁺ Spark amplitude

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fluo-4 AM

37 °C

[50]

↓

Mice

V

5–10 months

1

Fluo-4 AM

37 °C

[54]

Ca²⁺ Spark decay

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fluo-4 AM

37 °C

[50]

↓

Mice

V

5–10 months

1

Fluo-4 AM

37 °C

[54]

Ca²⁺ Spark duration

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

1.8

Fluo-4 AM

37 °C

[50]

 ↔ 

Mice

V

5–10 months

1

Fluo-4 AM

37 °C

[54]