Table 2 Action potential parameters and ionic currents in female cardiomyocytes compared to male cardiomyocytes

APD

↑

Human

LV-Mid

17–60 years

36 ± 0.5 °C

[71]

↑

Guinea pig

LV

7 weeks

37 °C

[55]

↑

Guinea pig

V

NA

35 °C

[59]

↑

Dog

LV-Mid

NA

36 °C

[64]

 ↔ 

LV-Epi/Endo

↑

Rabbit

LV

 ~ 6 months

RT

[60]

↑

Mouse

LV-, RV-Epi

2–3 months

RT

[61]

↑

Mouse

LV

10–12 months

35 ± 1 °C

[58]

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

13–17 weeks

36 ± 1 °C

[62]

 ↔ 

Rabbit

RV-Epi

50–60 days

37 °C

[63]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

37 °C

[50]

 ↔ 

Rat

LV

3 and 9 months

35 °C

[53]

Cell length

↓

Rat

V

NA

37 °C

[74]

↓

Rat

V

 ~ 3 and ~ 24 months

37 °C

[52]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

37 °C

[50]

 ↔ 

Mouse

V

 ~ 7 and ~ 24 months

37 °C

[51]

C_m

 ↔ 

Human

LV-Mid

17–60 years

36 ± 0.5 °C

[71]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

37 °C

[50]

 ↔ 

Mouse

V

5–10 months

37 °C

[54]

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

7 weeks

37 °C

[55]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

NA

37 °C

[74]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 3 and ~ 24 months

37 °C

[52]

 ↔ 

Mouse

LV-, RV-Epi

2–3 months

RT

[61]

 ↔ 

Dog

LV-Epi/Mid/Endo

NA

36 °C

[64]

 ↔ 

Mouse

V

 ~ 7 and ~ 24 months

37 °C

[51]

↓

Rat

LV

3,6 and 9 months

35 °C

[53]

↓

Mouse

LV

10–12 months

35 ± 1 °C

[58]

APA

 ↔ 

Human

LV-Mid

17–60 years

36 ± 0.5 °C

[71]

 ↔ 

Rabbit

RV-Epi

50–60 days

37 °C

[63]

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

7 weeks

37 °C

[55]

dV/dt

 ↔ 

Human

LV-Mid

17–60 years

36 ± 0.5 °C

[71]

 ↔ 

Rabbit

RV-Epi

50–60 days

37 °C

[63]

RMP

 ↔ 

Human

LV-Mid

17–60 years

36 ± 0.5 °C

[71]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

37 °C

[50]

 ↔ 

Rabbit

LV

 ~ 6 months

RT

[60]

 ↔ 

Mouse

LV-, RV-Epi

2–3 months

RT

[61]

 ↔ 

Dog

LV-Epi/Mid/Endo

NA

36 °C

[64]

 ↔ 

Rat

LV

3 and 9 months

35 °C

[53]

 ↔ 

Mouse

LV

10–12 months

35 ± 1 °C

[58]

 ↔ 

Rabbit

RV-Epi

50–60 days

37 °C

[63]

I_Na

 ↔ 

Mouse

LV-, RV-Epi

2–3 months

RT

[61]

 ↔ 

Dog

LV-Mid

NA

RT

[65]

↓

Dog

LV-Endo/Epi

–

–

–

I_to

↓

Mouse

LV

10–12 months

35 ± 1 °C

[58]

↓

Dog

LV-Endo

NA

36 °C

[64]

 ↔ 

–

LV-Epi/Mid

–

–

–

 ↔ 

Mouse

LV-, RV-Epi

2–3 months

RT

[61]

I_CaL

↑

Human

LV-Mid

17–60 years

36 ± 0.5 °C

[71]

↑

Guinea pig

LV

7 weeks

37 °C

[55]

↑

Dog

LV-Epi/Mid/Endo

NA

36 °C

[64]

↓

Guinea pig

V

NA

35 °C

[59]

 ↔ 

Mice

V

5–10 months

37 °C

[54]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

 ~ 50 days

37 °C

[50]

 ↔ 

Mouse

LV-, RV-Epi

2–3 months

RT

[61]

 ↔ 

Rat

LV

3 and 9 months

35 °C

[53]

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

13–17 weeks

36 ± 1 °C

[62]

 ↔ 

Rat

V

NA

37 °C

[74]

I_Ks

↓

Rabbit

LV

 ~ 6 months

RT

[60]

↑

Dog

LV-Epi/Endo

NA

36 °C

[64]

 ↔ 

–

LV-Mid

–

–

–

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

13–17 weeks

36 ± 1 °C

[62]

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

7 weeks

37 °C

[55]

I_Kr

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

7 weeks

37 °C

[55]

↓

Rabbit

V

3–4 months

RT

[67]

 ↔ 

Dog

LV-Epi/Mid/Endo

NA

36 °C

[64]

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

13–17 weeks

36 ± 1 °C

[62]

I_K1

↓

Guinea pig

V

NA

35 °C

[59]

↓

Rabbit

V

3–4 months

RT

[67]

 ↔ 

Dog

LV-Epi/Mid/Endo

NA

36 °C

[64]

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

13–17 weeks

36 ± 1 °C

[62]

 ↔ 

Guinea pig

LV

7 weeks

37 °C

[55]

 ↔ 

Mouse

LV-, RV-Epi

2–3 months

RT

[61]

I_Kur

↓

Mouse

LV-, RV-Epi

2–3 months

RT

[61]