Table 1 Current noninvasive advances in diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
From: Current advances in noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review
Test name | Sample | Biomarkers detected | Technology | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Liquid biopsy | Blood/Saliva | CTC with EpCAM,CD45 (-) [15] | CellSearch: CTC immuno-isolation and detection by immune-fluorescence | Prognostic treatment assessment |
Plasma | CfDNA/CtDNA | PCR | Prognostic | |
Blood/Saliva | PCR | Prognostic | ||
Supernatants of Oral mucosal cells | Exosomal metastasis (THBS1) [25] | Flow cytometry, luminex assays; PCR | Treatment | |
Oral fluid | CD63, CD9, and CD81 [27] | ELISA and WB | Diagnostic | |
Saliva | Hypermethylation of the NID2 and HOXA9 [34] | Genomic analyses | Diagnostic | |
Cell | CUL3,ZFP36L2,PTCH1 and ATF5 [35] | WGS and (ChIP)-seq | Diagnostic treatment | |
Saliva | A-amylase, cystatin, proline-rich peptide, serum albumin, and mucin [36] | Spectrometry | Diagnostic | |
Saliva | IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, IL-1β, and TNF-α [37] | ELISA | Diagnostic | |
Saliva | cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CyFRA21-1), and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPS) + CTCs [39] | Immunoradiometric assay | Diagnostic | |
Saliva | propionylcholine, acetylphenylalanine, sphinganine, phytosphingosine, and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine [43] | Spectrometer | Diagnostic | |
Saliva | The bacterial 16SrRNA gene contains nine hypervariable regions (V3–V4) [47] | NGS | Diagnostic | |
LBDS | Oral mucosa | Chemiluminescence | Diagnostic | |
Tissue autofluorescence | Diagnostic | |||
OCT | Oral mucosa | Â | In OCT scanning systems, low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic Michelson interferometer that effectively captures 2D and 3D images with micron resolution from light-scattered biological tissues | Diagnostic |
Nano detection systems | Oral mucosa | Nanotechnology-based molecular imaging (such as magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], optical coherence tomography [OCT], photoacoustic imaging, and surface plasmon resonance scattering) [75] | Â | Diagnostic |
Nanotechnology-based biomarker αVβ6 | Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, with a biocompatible silica coating, were produced and conjugated with antibodies to target integrin αvβ6 [76] | Treatment | ||
Oral brush cytology | Oral mucosa |  | OralCDx®brush[80] | Diagnostic |
Microfluidic systems | Saliva |  | Microfluidic tools handle and manipulate fluids at a submillimeter scale from 1 to 1000 μm, with typical internal volumes of microliters to picoliters [86] | Diagnostic |
Microfluidic systems-based biomarkers TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and CRP [87] | ELISA | Diagnostic |