Table 2 Iron deficiency-associated outcome in patients with heart failure (HF)
Study | Study population | ID definition / iron status | ID / iron status-associated outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
Jankowska et al. (2011) [49] | ID and stable systolic CHF | Serum ferritin < 100 μg/L or Serum ferritin 100–300 μg/L + TSAT < 20% | • Exercise capacity: reduced peak oxygen consumption VO2 and increased ventilatory response to exercise VE-VCO2 slope |
Klip et al. (2013) [8] | ID and CHF | Serum ferritin < 100 μg/L or Serum ferritin 100–299 μg/L + TSAT < 20% | • Higher NYHA class • Higher NT-proBNP levels • Lower mean corpuscular volume levels • Higher risk of morality |
ComÃn-Colet et al. (2013) [50] | ID and/or IDA and CHF | Serum ferritin < 100 µg/L or Serum ferritin < 800 µg/L + TSAT < 20% or sTfR ≥ 1.62 mg/L | • Worse QoL (assessed with MLHFQ) |
Núñez et al. (2016) [56] | ID and AHF | AID: serum ferritin < 100 μg/L or FID: serum ferritin 100–299 μg/L + TSAT < 20% | • Increased risk of early rehospitalization (only for AID) |
Moliner et al. (2017) [52] | ID and CHF | Serum ferritin < 100 µg/L and/or TSAT < 20% | • Higher NT-proBNP levels* • Worse QoL* • Higher risk of all-cause mortality |
Martens et al. (2018) [7] | ID, IDA and HF with HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF | Serum ferritin < 100 μg/L or Serum ferritin 100–300 μg/L + TSAT < 20% | • Lower VO2max • Progression to IDA • Higher risk of HF hospitalization • Higher risk of all-cause mortality |
Grote Beverborg et al. (2018) [24] | ID and HF | TSAT ≤ 19.8% + serum iron ≤ 13 μmol/L | • Higher risk of all-cause mortality |
Grote Beverborg et al. (2019) [51] | ID and HF | Serum ferritin ≤ 128 µg/L + TSAT < 20% | • Impaired 6MWT • Higher proportion of anemia • Poorer QoL • Higher risk of all-cause mortality • Higher risk of HF hospitalization |
Serum ferritin > 128 µg/L + TSAT < 20% | • Impaired 6MWT • Higher levels of inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6) | ||
Grammer et al. (2019) [54] | ID/IDA and undergoing coronary angiography | Hb, serum iron, TSAT, sTfR, serum ferritin# | • J-shaped associations with cardiovascular and total mortality (marginal for Hb) |
Hepcidin# | • Inverse association with mortality | ||
Alcaide-Aldeano et al. (2020) [53] | ID and CHF with HFpEF | Serum ferritin < 100 µg/L and/or TSAT < 20% or sTfR n/a** | • Worse functional capacity (measured by 6MWT) • Worse QoL (assessed with MLHFQ) |
Ambrosy et al. (2020) [55] | Older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) with HF and IDA | IDA: Hb < 13 g/dL men or  < 12 g/dL women  + TSAT < 20% | • Higher risk of HF hospitalization • Higher risk of all-cause mortality |
Campodonico et al. (2021) [58] | ID and HF | AID: serum ferritin < 100 μg/L or FID: serum ferritin 100–300 μg/L + TSAT < 20% | • Worse prognosis (survival rate)   (only for TSAT < 20% or serum ferritin 100 – 300 μg/L + TSAT < 20%) |
Fitzsimons et al. (2021) [57] | ID and HF (HFpEF, HFrEF) over time (6 months) | IDFerritin: serum ferritin < 100 μg/L or serum ferritin 100–300 μg/L + TSAT < 20% or IDTsat: TSAT < 20% | • Persistent IDTSAT is strongly associated with mortality (only for HFrEF) • IDTsat is the superior definition of ID |