Skip to main content

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the included studies

From: Efficacy and safety of nonpharmacological strategies for the treatment of oligoasthenospermia: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis

Included studies

Mean age/years

Sample size

Mean disease duration/year

Interventions

Duration/month

Outcome measures

T

C

T

C

T

C

T

C

Zhang et al. [23]

21 ~ 52

20 ~ 46

80

80

1 ~ 4

1 ~ 3.5

EA

CM

3 months

Pan [24]

32.24 ± 5.02

33.37 ± 4.29

31

30

3.16 ± 1.53

2.93 ± 1.46

EA

CM

3 months

Wang et al. [25]

26.3 ± 4.2

26.5 ± 3.9

71

82

3.1 ± 0.6

2.9 ± 0.5

EA

CM

3 months

Zhou et al. [26]

32.1 ± 5.8

33.9 ± 6.5

32

33

4.2 ± 2.1

3.8 ± 2.0

EA

CM

3 months

Cao et al. [27]

32.40 ± 4.83

32.54 ± 4.16

30

30

3.54 ± 1.38

3.62 ± 1.26

EA

CM

2 months

Li [28]

33.23 ± 3.37

31.90 ± 2.58

48

47

21.87 ± 6.71 months

18.10 ± 6.39mon

EA

MA

3 months

Li et al. [29]

32.14 ± 3.37

29.95 ± 3.32

40

40

4.75 ± 2.35

5.05 ± 2.63

2 Hz TEAS

CM

2 months

Fang et al. [30]

32 ± 3

32 ± 3

35

35

4.6 ± 1.8

4.9 ± 1.4

2 Hz TEAS

CM

3 months

Chi and Ge [31]

31.21 ± 2.32

29.61 ± 2.09

31

30

2.33 ± 0.99

2.61 ± 1.52

2 Hz TEAS

MA

3 months

33.03 ± 1.72

30

2.43 ± 1.24

SI

Jin et al. [32]

32.68 ± 0.95

32.00 ± 1.10

25

16

2 Hz TEAS

100 Hz TEAS

2 months

30.33 ± 0.91

15

NT

Dong [33]

30.75 ± 4.30

32.24 ± 3.56

20

20

2 Hz TEAS

100 Hz TEAS

1 month

28.64 ± 3.37

21

SI

30.50 ± 5.13

22

NT

Zhang et al. [34]

23 ~ 40

23 ~ 40

20

20

2 Hz TEAS

100 Hz TEAS

1 month

23 ~ 40

21

SI

23 ~ 40

22

NT

Sha [35]

31.89 ± 3.32

32.24 ± 3.47

28

26

3.5 ± 1.5

4.5 ± 1.6

2 Hz TEAS

100 Hz TEAS

2 months

31.43 ± 3.38

21

3.6 ± 1.4

SI

31.67 ± 5.06

30

4.5 ± 1.6

NT

Yu et al. [36]

31.45 ± 0.84

30.94 ± 1.07

31

31

4.65 ± 0.26

4.85 ± 0.36

2 Hz TEAS

100 Hz TEAS

2 months

29.52 ± 0.81

29

5.02 ± 0.41

SI

31.70 ± 0.98

30

5.37 ± 0.32

NT

Liu et al. [37]

25 ~ 35

25 ~ 35

40

40

1 ~ 6

1 ~ 6

MB

CM

3 months

Han et al. [38]

25 ~ 49

25 ~ 49

32

32

MB

CM

3 months

Yang and Qin [39]

32.19 ± 5.82

31.58 ± 5.87

31

31

MB

CM

3 months

Jia et al. [40]

44.35 ± 4.36

45.25 ± 3.45

20

20

22.65 ± 2.87 months

23.00 ± 3.28 months

MB

CM

3 months

Zhang [41]

29 ± 4.6

30 ± 5.7

30

30

1.8 ± 0.9

1.9 ± 0.8

MA

NT

3 months

Shi [42]

26.3 ± 2.6

26.6 ± 2.8

31

33

3.2 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.6

MA

CM

6 months

Yang and Zhang [43]

25 ~ 38

25 ~ 38

50

50

1 ~ 6

1 ~ 6

MA

SI

10 weeks

Jiang et al. [44]

30.3 ± 5.6

29.4 ± 5.1

26

26

12.8 ± 4.4 months

12.1 ± 4.7

MA

CM

2 months

Sun et al. [45]

32 ± 3

31 ± 3

42

40

6.4 ± 0.5

6.3 ± 0.3

MA

SI

10 weeks

Li [46]

31.5 ± 3.3

30.5 ± 2.8

42

40

6.4 ± 0.5

6.3 ± 0.3

MA

SI

10 weeks

Ding et al. [47]

28.6 ± 6.9

25.5 ± 8.1

25

26

20.6 ± 13.2 months

17.6 ± 12.7 months

MA

CM

1 month

Siterman et al. [48]

39 ± 7

39 ± 7

20

20

9 ± 4

9 ± 4

MA

NT

5 weeks

Dieterle et al. [49]

24

28

MA

SI

6 weeks

Su [50]

34.9 ± 0.58

35.0 ± 0.61

30

30

MA

CM

3 months

Wang et al. [51]

26.38 ± 3.54

26.16 ± 3.16

37

38

35.62 ± 5.61 months

34.84 ± 4.65 months

MA

CM

3 months

Sun et al. [52]

28.25 ± 2.28

27.97 ± 2.30

33

34

2.45 ± 0.39

2.41 ± 0.38

WA

MA

2 months

28.15 ± 2.53

33

2.52 ± 0.33

CM

Jia et al. [53]

17 ~ 35

17 ~ 35

20

10

3 months ~ 4 years

3 months ~ 4 years

VCL

NT

4 months

Gu et al. [54]

28 ~ 45

28 ~ 45

33

33

1 ~ 5

1 ~ 5

VCL

CM

3 months

Li et al. [55]

17 ~ 35

17 ~ 35

19

16

VCL

NT

3 months

Baazeem et al. [56]

34.9 ± 5.5

36.2 ± 5.5

233

127

2.85 ± 2.42

3.05 ± 2.14

VCL

NT

3 months

Chen and Zheng [57]

34.46 ± 3.02

34.55 ± 2.98

40

40

2.65 ± 1.07

2.70 ± 0.95

HBO

CM

1 month

Chen et al. [58]

33.26 ± 5.59

33.08 ± 5.41

30

30

3.13 ± 0.62

3.08 ± 0.57

HBO

CM

1 month

Zhao et al. [59]

27.2 ± 5.0

26.9 ± 3.6

28

24

HBO

CM

3 months

Zhang et al. [60]

23 ~ 38

24 ~ 37

24

26

HBO

CM

3 months

  1. T Test group, C Control group, It was not mentioned, EA Electroacupuncture, TEAS Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation, MB Moxibustion, MA Manual acupuncture, WA Warming acupuncture, VCL Varicocelectomy, HBO Hyperbaric oxygen, CM conventional medicine, SI Sham intervention, NT No treatment, Total effective rate; Sperm concentration; Sperm motility a%; Sperm motility a + b%; Adverse reaction; FLH. Follicle-stimulating hormone; LH. Luteinizing hormone; T. Testosterone. The course of treatment of VCL is the postoperative follow-up time, and the control group is the duration of treatment