| Patient-related | Procedure-related (surgery, anaesthesia, CPB-related) |
---|---|---|
Preoperative | •Gender •Advanced age •Severe cardiac disease •Previous cardiac surgery •Active congestive heart failure •Cardiogenic shock •NYHA class III/IV •Left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% •Left main coronary artery disease •Anaemia •Coexisting disease (Peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, generalized atherosclerotic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous cerebrovascular accidents, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease) •Nephrotoxins (ACEis/ARBs, antibiotics, diuretics, or NSAIDs) | •Preoperative contrast media exposure •Preoperative insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump •Emergency status |
Intraoperative |  | •Type of surgery (valvular, valvular and coronary, emergency and redo surgery) •CPB (non-pulsatile, low-flow, low-pressure perfusion) •Hypotension •Hypothermia •Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest CPB duration •Cross-clamp duration •Anaemia (Haemodilution, Haemolysis) •Transfusion load •Embolism |
Postoperative |  | •Low cardiac output •Hypovolemia •Hypotension •Intense vasoconstriction •Atheroembolism (requiring Intra-aortic balloon pump) •Sepsis •Nephrotoxins •Cardiogenic Shock |