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Table 2 Common risk factors for AKI after cardias surgery, adapted from [37,38,39]

From: Diagnosis, pathophysiology and preventive strategies for cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a narrative review

 

Patient-related

Procedure-related (surgery, anaesthesia, CPB-related)

Preoperative

•Gender

•Advanced age

•Severe cardiac disease

•Previous cardiac surgery

•Active congestive heart failure

•Cardiogenic shock

•NYHA class III/IV

•Left ventricular ejection fraction < 35%

•Left main coronary artery disease

•Anaemia

•Coexisting disease (Peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, generalized atherosclerotic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous cerebrovascular accidents, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease)

•Nephrotoxins (ACEis/ARBs, antibiotics, diuretics, or NSAIDs)

•Preoperative contrast media exposure

•Preoperative insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump

•Emergency status

Intraoperative

 

•Type of surgery (valvular, valvular and coronary, emergency and redo surgery)

•CPB (non-pulsatile, low-flow, low-pressure perfusion)

•Hypotension

•Hypothermia

•Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest CPB duration

•Cross-clamp duration

•Anaemia (Haemodilution, Haemolysis)

•Transfusion load

•Embolism

Postoperative

 

•Low cardiac output

•Hypovolemia

•Hypotension

•Intense vasoconstriction

•Atheroembolism (requiring Intra-aortic balloon pump)

•Sepsis

•Nephrotoxins

•Cardiogenic Shock

  1. ACEis angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors;, AKI acute kidney injury, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NYHA New York heart association