Table 3 Several models for AKI after cardiac surgery
Model | Risk factors included | AUC/C-statistic in first-time report | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Thakar et al./Cleveland Clinic score (2005) | •Female gender •Congestive heart failure •Left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% •Preoperative use of intra-aortic balloon pump •Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease •Insulin-requiring diabetes •Previous cardiac surgery •Emergency surgery •Type of surgery •Preoperative creatinine | 0.81 for ARF requiring dialysis | [40] |
Mehta et al. (2006) | •Glomerular filtration rate •Preoperative serum creatinine •Type of surgery •Age •Diabetes •Chronic lung disease •Myocardial infarction •Cardiogenic shock •NYHA status •Race •Previous cardiovascular surgery •Female gender •Peripheral or cerebrovascular disease •Body surface area •Left ventricular ejection fraction •Emergent status •Triple-vessel disease •Left main disease •Prior percutaneous coronary interventions •Hypertension •Immunosuppressive treatment •Aortic stenosis •Mitral insufficiency | 0.84 (0.83 in simplified model) for AKI requiring RRT | [41] |
Birnie et al./Leicester Score (2014) | •Age •Renal function (Cockroft–Gault formula) •Diabetes mellitus •NYHA status •Left ventricular function •Elective/urgent/emergency surgery •Type of surgery •BMI •Smoking habit •Hypertension •Peripheral vascular disease •Preoperative haemoglobin •Triple-vessel disease •Time from catheterism to surgery | 0.74 for any stage AKI 0.79 for KIDGO stage 3 AKI | [42] |
Coulson et al. (2020) | Preoperative model for AKI: •Preoperative haemoglobin •Preoperative creatinine •Age •NYHA status •BMI Postoperative model for AKI •Preoperative haemoglobin •Preoperative creatinine •Perfusion time •NYHA status •BMI Preoperative model for RRT: •Preoperative creatinine •Previous cardiac surgery •NYHA status •Type of surgery Postoperative model for RRT: •Perfusion time •Preoperative creatinine •Intra-aortic balloon pump | 0.68 for preoperative model for AKI 0.70 for postoperative model for AKI 0.80 for preoperative model for RRT 0.85 for postoperative model for RRT | [43] |
Wang et al. (2022) | •Postoperative creatinine •Aortic cross-clamping time •Emergency surgery •Preoperative cystatin C | c-statistic of 0.851 for AKI requiring RRT | [44] |
Demirjian et al. (2022) | •Preoperative serum creatinine •Postoperative serum creatinine •Postoperative serum albumin •Postoperative blood urea nitrogen •Postoperative serum potassium •Postoperative serum sodium •Postoperative serum bicarbonate | 0.876 for moderate to severe AKI (KIDGO stage 2 or 3) within 72 h after cardiac surgery 0.854 for moderate to severe AKI within 14 days 0.916 for AKI requiring dialysis within 72 h 0.900 for AKI requiring dialysis within 14 days | [46] |
Chen et al. (2020) | •Interferon-γ •Interleukin-16 •Mip-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) | C-statistic of 0.87 for severe AKI (AKIN stage 2 or 3) | [47] |
Zhang et al.(2022) | •Age •Male •Preoperative serum creatinine •Preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio •Preoperative blood glucose •Preoperative high-density lipoprotein •Intraoperative urine output •Conventional ultrafiltration •Central venous pressure •Perfusion flow •Intubated PaO2/FiO2 ratio •Postoperative haemoglobin •Postoperative serum potassium •Postoperative lactic dehydrogenase | 0.824 | [48] |