Table 3 Characteristics of non-metformin and metformin groups
Variable | Non-metformin (n = 177) | Metformin (n = 245) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 74.80 ± 11.01 | 67.14 ± 9.27 |  < 0.001 |
Female (n, %) | 62 (35.0) | 90 (36.7) | 0.719 |
Smoking (n, %) | 76 (42.9) | 118 (48.2) | 0.288 |
Drinking (n, %) | 53 (29.9) | 100 (41.2) | 0.018 |
WHR | 1.00 ± 0.65 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.305 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.07 ± 3.64 | 26.21 ± 3.10 | 0.001 |
Duration (years) | 11.12 ± 9.20 | 11.65 ± 8.20 | 0.538 |
Antidiabetic treatments | |||
 Sulfonylureas (n, %) | 29 (16.4) | 45 (18.4) | 0.597 |
 Glinide (n, %) | 11 (6.2) | 12 (4.9) | 0.557 |
 Glucosidase inhibitor (n, %) | 78 (44.1) | 102 (41.6) | 0.618 |
 Thiazolidinedione (n, %) | 7 (4.0) | 22 (9.0) | 0.044 |
 DPP-4 inhibitors (n, %) | 9 (5.1) | 21 (8.6) | 0.169 |
 SGLT2 inhibitors (n, %) | 3 (1.7) | 20 (8.2) | 0.004 |
 GLP-1 agonist (n, %) | 2 (1.1) | 5 (2.0) | 0.704 |
 Insulin (n, %) | 51 (28.8) | 70 (28.6) | 0.957 |
 Other medicines (n, %) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.2) | 0.643 |
Comorbidity | |||
 Hypertension (n, %) | 145 (81.9) | 185 (75.5) | 0.116 |
 CAD (n, %) | 88 (49.7) | 73 (29.8) |  < 0.001 |
 COPD (n, %) | 11 (6.2) | 7 (2.9) | 0.092 |
 CKD (n, %) | 40 (22.6) | 16 (6.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Stoke (n, %) | 39 (22.0) | 49 (20.0) | 0.612 |
 Osteoarthritis (n, %) | 45 (25.4) | 36 (14.7) | 0.006 |
 Cancer (n, %) | 27 (15.3) | 28 (11.4) | 0.249 |
Target organ damage | |||
 PVD (n, %) | 38 (21.5) | 28 (11.4) | 0.005 |
 DR (n, %) | 17 (9.6) | 35 (14.3) | 0.149 |
 DPN (n, %) | 22 (12.4) | 41 (16.7) | 0.221 |
 Polypharmacy (n, %) | 118 (66.7) | 153 (62.4) | 0.372 |
 Frailty (n, %) | 50 (28.2) | 32 (13.1) |  < 0.001 |
 Grip strength (kg) | 26.70 ± 10.43 | 29.30 ± 10.02 | 0.014 |
 Walking speed (m/s) | 0.91 ± 0.30 | 0.98 ± 0.29 | 0.038 |
 Exhaustion (n, %) | 77 (46.7) | 81 (34.9) | 0.018 |
 Inactivity (n, %) | 56 (35.2) | 42 (19.7) |  < 0.001 |
 Weight Loss (n, %) | 25 (14.8) | 30 (12.7) | 0.547 |
 SF-36 score | 109.22 ± 12.02 | 115.16 ± 9.11 |  < 0.001 |