Table 4 Subgroup analysis of characteristics of non-frail and frail patients with diabetes
Variable | Non-frail (n = 340) | Frail (n = 82) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-metformin (n = 127) | Metformin (n = 213) | P value | Non-metformin (n = 50) | Metformin (n = 32) | P value | |
Age (years) | 71.2 ± 10.39 | 65.84 ± 8.51 |  < 0.001 | 83.95 ± 6.22 | 75.78 ± 9.62 |  < 0.001 |
Female (n, %) | 44 (34.6) | 80 (37.6) | 0.589 | 18 (36.0) | 10 (31.3) | 0.658 |
WHR | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 0.220 | 1.14 ± 1.28 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.211 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.07 ± 3.44 | 26.32 ± 2.94 | 0.001 | 25.05 ± 4.17 | 25.55 ± 4.03 | 0.582 |
Smoking (n, %) | 55 (43.3) | 103 (48.4) | 0.366 | 21 (42.0) | 15 (46.9) | 0.664 |
Drinking (n, %) | 45 (35.4) | 85 (40.1) | 0.393 | 8 (16.0) | 15 (48.4) | 0.002 |
Duration (years) | 10.44 ± 9.34 | 11.63 ± 8.12 | 0.048 | 12.85 ± 8.60 | 11.78 ± 8.87 | 0.415 |
Comorbidity | ||||||
Hypertension (n, %) | 100 (78.7) | 156 (73.2) | 0.255 | 45 (90.0) | 29 (90.6) | 0.926 |
CAD (n, %) | 53 (41.7) | 58 (27.2) | 0.006 | 35 (70.0) | 15 (46.9) | 0.036 |
COPD (n, %) | 6 (4.7) | 7 (3.3) | 0.706 | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.078 |
CKD (n, %) | 20 (15.7) | 14 (6.6) | 0.006 | 20 (40.0) | 2 (6.3) | 0.001 |
Stoke (n, %) | 24 (18.9) | 34 (16.0) | 0.486 | 15 (30.0) | 15 (46.9) | 0.122 |
Osteoarthritis (n, %) | 26 (20.5) | 26 (12.2) | 0.041 | 19 (38.0) | 10 (31.3) | 0.533 |
Cancer (n, %) | 10 (7.9) | 22 (10.3) | 0.453 | 17 (34.0) | 6 (18.8) | 0.134 |
Target organ damage | ||||||
PVD (n, %) | 22 (17.3) | 21 (9.9) | 0.045 | 16 (32.0) | 7 (21.9) | 0.319 |
DR (n, %) | 13 (10.2) | 32 (15.0) | 0.208 | 4 (8.0) | 3 (9.4) | 0.564 |
DPN (n, %) | 13 (10.2) | 31 (14.6) | 0.251 | 9 (18.0) | 10 (31.3) | 0.165 |
Polypharmacy (n, %) | 77 (60.6) | 126 (59.2) | 0.789 | 41 (82.0) | 27 (84.4) | 0.780 |
Grip strength (kg) | 29.86 ± 9.53 | 30.78 ± 9.52 | 0.383 | 17.62 ± 7.08 | 19.09 ± 7.10 | 0.304 |
Walking speed (m/s) | 0.99 ± 0.26 | 1.02 ± 0.27 | 0.361 | 0.55 ± 0.19 | 0.64 ± 0.24 | 0.109 |
SF-36 score | 113.32 ± 10.14 | 116.76 ± 7.16 | 0.008 | 98.10 ± 9.46 | 104.34 ± 12.94 | 0.026 |