Emerging role of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and MSCs-derived exosomes in bone- and joint-associated musculoskeletal disorders: a new frontier

Table 4 Clinical trials based on the administration of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes in human disorders

Condition	Dose	Route	Participant number	Phase	Location	Status	NCT number
COVID-19	–	Intravenous	60	2/3	Indonesia	Recruiting	NCT05216562
Osteoarthritis	3–5 × 10¹¹ particles/dose	Intra-articular	10	1	Chile	Not yet recruiting	NCT05060107
Macular Holes	20–50 μg	Intravitreal	44	Early1	China	Active, not recruiting	NCT03437759
AD	5–20 μg	Intranasal	9	1/2	China	Recruiting	NCT04388982
Cutaneous Ulcer	–	Local	30	NA	Spain	Not yet recruiting	NCT05243368
DEB	–	Local	10	1/2	–	Not yet recruiting	NCT04173650
COVID-19	2–8 × 10⁹ particles/dose	Intravenous	55	1/2	USA	Not yet recruiting	NCT04798716
COVID-19	0.5–2 × 10¹⁰ particles/dose	Inhalation	90	2	Russian	Enrolling by invitation	NCT04602442
COVID-19	0.5–2 × 10¹⁰ particles/dose	Inhalation	30	1/2	Russian	Completed	NCT04491240

COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019, AD Alzheimer’s disease, DEB dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

ISSN: 2047-783X