Malaria amongst children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors and preventive interventions

Sarfo, Jacob Owusu; Amoadu, Mustapha; Kordorwu, Peace Yaa; Adams, Abdul Karim; Gyan, Thomas Boateng; Osman, Abdul-Ganiyu; Asiedu, Immanuel; Ansah, Edward Wilson

doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01046-1

Table 3 Risk factors of malaria UN5 in SSA

From: Malaria amongst children under five in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of prevalence, risk factors and preventive interventions

Main theme	Sub theme	Authors
Socio-demographic/economic	Sex (boys)	[70]
	Low education of mothers	[11, 17, 23, 26, 34, 38,39,40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 56, 60, 68, 71, 72, 79, 83, 86, 88, 89, 91,92,93,94,95,96,97]
	Lack of knowledge in malaria prevention	[30, 53]
	Age < 1	[13]
	Age > 1	[80]
	Age < 2	[44]
	Age > 2	[11, 73, 88]
	Age > 3	[48, 59, 70, 84, 89]
	Age > 4	[83]
	Age < 5	[40, 77]
	Poverty/low income	[11, 19, 25, 29, 31, 39, 40, 56,57,58, 68, 70, 77, 87, 90,91,92,93]
	Rural area	[11, 26, 42, 57,58,59, 85, 89, 98]
	Parents not living together	[90]
	Poor housing system	[26, 31, 42, 65, 79, 82, 83, 89]
	Poor roofing	[11, 71]
	House under construction	[26, 99]
	No electricity	[11, 79]
	No television	[41, 57]
	No toilet	[11, 26]
	Close distance to river < 5 km	[60, 66, 93, 99]
	Close distance to river < 10 km	[65]
	Stagnant water	[43, 45, 67, 76]
	Poor sanitation	[81]
	Unclean water	[38, 60, 81]
	High number of children/ overcrowdings	[25, 57, 67, 70, 90, 98]
	Presence of domestic animals	[26, 91]
	Not using ITN	[10, 11, 14, 23, 26, 27, 41, 43, 46, 48, 49, 53, 57, 58, 70, 72, 79, 80, 82, 85, 96, 97, 100,101,102,103]
	Not having ITN	[68, 70, 71, 100]
	Inability to spray rooms	[10, 22, 26, 68, 95]
	Long outdoor stay	[43, 67]
	Long distance to school	[65]
Pre-existing health conditions	Fever	[12, 37, 84, 92]
	Splenomegaly	[15]
	Gastro intestinal infection	[84]
	Respiratory tract infection	[84]
	Low immunity	[49]
	Presence of anaemia	[80]
	Previous malaria status	[29, 76]
	Admission for other health reasons	[32]
Health systems issues	Accessibility	[22, 65, 86, 87, 90,91,92]
	Long distance to health facilities	[94]
	Insufficient diagnosis test	[22]
	Poor roads	[87]
	Difficult access to medication	[94]
	Fear of expired drugs	[94]
Health seeking behaviour	Delayed healthcare seeking	[30, 87]
	Seasonal malaria chemotherapy	[18]
	Use of herbal or local medicine	[87]
	Over-the-counter medicine	[12]
	Home management	[93]
Climate	Raining season	[69]
	Low temperature < 25	[85]
	Low altitude	[14, 25, 41, 66, 73]
Nutrition	Malnutrition	[21, 72, 80, 99]
	Stunting	[55, 84, 89]
	Wasting	[24, 72, 84]
	Anaemia	[15, 39, 57, 77]

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ISSN: 2047-783X

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