Table 6 MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio according to GOLD stages and number of AECOPD (events/year)
From: The usefulness of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio for diagnosis and assessment of COPD severity
|  | GOLD 1 and 2 N = 40 | GOLD 3 and 4 N = 58 | p | Exacerbations < 2 N = 41 | Exacerbations ≥ 2 N = 57 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMP-9 (ng/ml), med (95% CI)b | 596.8 (437.9–761.5) | 980 (825.5–1195.6) | 0.003 | 778.5 (540.6–981.5) | 892.3 (728.6–1188.9) | 0.196 |
TIMP-1(ng/ml), med (95% CI)b | 223.9 (208–245.2) | 238.9 (228.9–249.3) | 0.552 | 222.7 (198.9–253.9) | 236.6 (228.9–248.4) | 0.669 |
MMP-9/TIMP-1b ratio (ng/ml), med (95% CI) | 2.4 (2–3.2) | 4.2 (3.3–5) | p ≤ 0.001 | 3.2 (2.4–4.8) | 3.5 (3.1–4.6) | 0.222 |