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Table 2 Univariate and multivariate associations with pulmonary hypertension in COPD

From: FVC/DLCO identifies pulmonary hypertension and predicts 5-year all-cause mortality in patients with COPD

Variable

Univariate Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

Age (per increase of 1-year)

1.04 (1.02–1.06)

0.000

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

0.021

Sex (female vs male)

0.53 (0.34–0.83)

0.005

0.89 (0.52–1.53)

0.676

Body mass index (per increase of 1 point)

0.91 (0.87–0.95)

0.000

0.94 (0.89–0.99)

0.019

Smoking index (pack-year)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.202

  

FEV1 (% predicted)

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

0.000

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

0.080

FVC (% predicted)

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

0.000

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.647

VA (% predicted)

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

0.000

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

0.528

DLCO (% predicted) (≥ 80 vs < 80%)

3.14 (2.13–4.63)

0.000

1.03 (0.59–1.80)

0.911

FVC/DLCO (≥ 0.44 vs < 0.44 l/mmol/min/kPa)

2.56 (1.18–3.62)

0.000

2.11 (1.30–3.45)

0.003

Hypertension (yes vs no)

1.10 (0.77–1.57)

0.610

  

Diabetes (yes vs no)

1.23 (0.66–2.28)

0.515

  

Coronary heart disease (yes vs no)

3.11 (2.18–4.12)

0.000

3.23 (2.15–4.84)

0.000

SABD (yes vs no)

1.18 (0.43–3.23)

0.745

  

ICS/LABA (yes vs no)

0.83 (0.57–1.19)

0.306

  

ICS/LABA + LAMA (yes vs no)

0.92 (0.64–1.33)

0.669

  

LAMA (yes vs no)

1.37 (0.95–1.98)

0.093

  

pH (≥ 7.4 vs < 7.4)

0.54 (0.37–0.78)

0.001

0.91 (0.57–1.45)

0.701

PaO2 (≥ 60 vs < 60 mmHg)

3.47 (2.36–5.10)

0.000

1.76 (1.10–2.82)

0.019

PaCO2 (≥ 50 vs < 50 mmHg)

4.50 (2.70–7.50)

0.000

3.13 (1.57–6.23)

0.001

Neutrophil count (per increase of 1 × 109/L)

1.11 (1.04–1.18)

0.002

1.07 (0.99–1.15)

0.063

Albumin (per increase of 1 standard deviation g/L)

0.94 (0.91–0.98)

0.005

1.01 (0.96–1.06)

0.726

Creatinine (per increase of 1 standard deviation μmol/L)

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

0.052

  

BUN (per increase of 1 standard deviation mmol/L)

1.15 (1.06–1.26)

0.001

1.04 (0.94–1.15)

0.480

Cystatin C (per increase of 1standard deviation mg/L)

3.03 (1.64–5.61)

0.000

1.97 (0.94–4.13)

0.073

  1. OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, VA alveolar ventilation, DLCO diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide, SABD short-acting bronchodilator, ICS inhaled corticosteroids, LABA long-acting beta-2 agonist, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonists, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, BUN blood urea nitrogen