Table 1 Disease and conditions associated with pneumatosis intestinalis
From: Natural history, clinical pattern, and surgical considerations of pneumatosis intestinalis
Pulmonary | Autoimmune and systemic | Drug induced |
|---|---|---|
   Asthma |    Lupus variants |    Corticosteroids |
   COPD |    Polymyositis |    Chemotherapeutic agents |
   Emphysema |    Dermatomyositis |    Lactulose |
   Bronchitis |    Polyarteritis nodosa |    Sorbitol |
   Pulmonary fibrosis |    Scleroderma |    Glucosidase inhibitor |
   Cystic fibrosis |    Sacroidose |    Chloral hydrate |
|  |    Celiac sprue |  |
Gastrointestinal | Infectious | Organtransplantation |
   IBD |    HIV and AIDS |    Bone marrow e.g. for leukemia |
   Diverticulitis |    Virus (CMV, rota-, adeno-, varicella- |    Kidney, Lung, Liver |
   Colitis incl. toxic variants and |    zoster virus) |    Graft versus host |
   clostridium difficile |    Candida albicans |  |
   Enteritis incl. bacteriel, virus, fungal and atypical forms |    Mycobacterium tuberculosis |  |
   Toxic megacolon | Iatrogenic | Vascular |
   Appendicitis |    Blunt abdominal trauma |    Mesenteric vascular disease |
   Intestinal obstruction, pseudo- |    Endoscopy |    Intestinal infarction and ischemia |
   obstruction, volvulus |    Postsurgical intestinal anastomosis |  |
   Bowel stenosis incl. pyloric |    Jenunoileal bypass | Idiopathic (primary) |
   stenosis |    Barium enema |  |
   Adynamic ileus |    Enteric tube placement |  |
   Carcinoma |    PEEP ventilation |  |
   Peptic ulcer |  |  |
   Celiac sprue |  |  |